Study guide terms
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| 267901169 | Olmec Civilization | The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. The Olmec had great cultural influence on later Mesoamerican societies, passing on artistic styles, religious imagery, sophisticated astronomical observation for the construction of calendars, and a ritual ball game. Large-scale religious and civic buildings became the Olmec signature. | 0 | |
| 267901170 | Chavin Civilization | One of the first two civilizations to appear in the western hemisphere of the Americas (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital, Chavín de Huántar, was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Historians think this civiliztion developed by the aristocracy of Chavin de Huantar taking control of trade routes that linked the Andes Mtns to the coast. Utilized the Llama for transport. Important symbol was the Jaguar diety. | 1 | |
| 267901171 | Llamas | A hoofed animal indigenous to the Andes Mountains in South America. It was the only domesticated beast of burden in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans. It provided meat and wool. The use of llamas to transport goods made possible specialized production and trade among people living in different ecological zones and fostered the integration of these zones by Chavín and later Andean states. Could carry up to 70 lbs. Llamas integrated different ecological zones by allowing the Chavin to transport high volumes of goods from one zone to another. | 2 | |
| 267901172 | Reciprocal Labor Obligations | the way the chavin built great public works, monuments... People were orgainzed into clans. They worked for each other. Traded labor from clan to clan. The Chavin hooked in and got the clans to build public works and monuments for the Chavin. | 3 | |
| 267901173 | Neo-Assyrian Empire | An empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the tenth and seventh centuries B.C.E. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects. They also preserved and continued the cultural and scientific developments of Mesopotamian civilization. | 4 | |
| 267901174 | Military Organization and Technology | Used Iron weapons. Highly militarized. Had terror attacks in city's. Were 1st people to conquer the middle east, Eygypt and Mespotania. | 5 | |
| 267901175 | Mass Deportation | The forcible removal and relocation of large numbers of people or entire populations. The mass deportations practiced by the Assyrian and Persian Empires were meant as a terrifying warning of the consequences of rebellion. They also brought skilled and unskilled labor to the imperial center. | 6 | |
| 267901176 | Canaanites/Phoenicians | Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, Phoenician merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, engaged in widespread commerce, and founded Carthage and other colonies in the western Mediterranean. | 7 | |
| 267901177 | Alphabetic Script | Writing system with symbols made up of sounds. 24 symbols in script. | 8 | |
| 267901178 | Phoenician Triangle | The Phoenician city's create a triangle. Used for trade. | 9 | |
| 267901179 | Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 814 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. Traded by sea throughout entire mediterranian. Commercial empire. Most important Poenicain colony in the mediterranian. Coast of N. Africa. Had about 400,000 people living there. Largest most prosperous. Ethnically diverse. Dominated by the elite merchants. Punic wars (long and drawn out). After every war, they lost some of the control of their colonies. End of third war, rome destroyed Carthage. | 10 | |
| 267901180 | Celtic Civilization | Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west, and later were overtaken by Roman conquest and Germanic invasions. Their descendants survive on the western fringe of Europel | 11 | |
| 267901181 | Celtic Warfare | Warfare identity of Celtics. Obsessed with battle. Used lots of weapons. Not organized matter. Used chariots. Celts fight eachother. Had body paint on and had lots of weapons. Fight one on one. | 12 | |
| 267901182 | Hill Forts | Built on hill with view. Ditches around hill. Celts not urban. Not dense. Defense system. All people in population could retreat to it if people invade land. Called town. | 13 | |
| 267901183 | Celtic Polytheism | The believed in many gods. They believed in the afterlife. If there king died they would often buried them with boars that were a sacred animal. Had a variety of rituals. Trees were also sacred and some animals too. Water was sacred. Different placec different gods were warshiped. The human head had a importance. Female gods were earth mothers. They also had male gods. | 14 | |
| 267901184 | Druids | The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as a potential focus of opposition to Roman rule. | 15 |
