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AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

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10926939069Persian EmpireEmpire represented in this map0
10926939070AthensFirst recorded democracy ever established. Direct democracy with juries of up to 2,500 people. Had to be an 18 year old male with Athenian parents to rule.1
10926939071Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, 490 and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea each time.2
10926939072HellenismCivilizations represented on this map3
10926939073Alexander the GreatBetween 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East.4
10926939074AugustusThe first emperor of Rome whose leadership brought about a long period of Pax Romana (Roman Peace).5
10926939075Qin Shihuangdi(r.221-210 BCE) The emperor who unified China and established the first dynasty of a unified empire.6
10926939076Han Dynasty(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the previous dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Its rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity7
10926939077Mauryan Dynasty322-185 BCE. The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent.8
10926939078AshokaThird ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.9
10926939079legalismChinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws10
10926939080ConfucianismChinese ethical and philosophical system. It sought to minimize conflicts by stressing obedience to superiors, reverence for elder family members, and honoring of ancestors11
10926939081VedasAncient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.12
10926939082UpanishadsA collection of over two hundred texts composed between 900 and 200 BC that provide philosophical commentary on the Vedas13
10926939083Siddhartha GautamaFounder of Buddhism14
10926939084ZoroastrianismOne of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail.15
10926939085JudaismA religion with a belief in one god. It originated with a covenant between God and Abraham and his descendants the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. Holy Book is the Torah16
10926939086Greek RationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in the period 600 B.C.E. to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.17
10926939087Socrates(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. He taught students to question everything until a reasonable conclusion could be arrived at, later became Socratic method. condemed to death for corrupting young minds.18
10926939088AristotleGreek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.19
10926939089Jesus of NazarethFounder of Christianity. His teachings were based on Judaism but eventually became a separate faith and spread throughout the Roman Empire and the world.20
10926939090Yellow Turban RebellionA massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.21
10926939091castedistinct social class grouping; in China, Varna consisted of four classes that people were born into for life, and in India,22
10926939115CyrusFounder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. He allowed the Jews to return to their homeland23
10926939116DariusPersian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage.24
10926939117Alexander the GreatSuccessor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement25
10926939118PersianOf or relating to Iran or its people or language or culture26
10926939119Satrapsunder Darius's rule these were known as governors who ruled the provinces. They collected taxes, served as judges, and put down rebellions27
10926939120Persian WarsConflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)28
10926939121Ahura MazdaMain god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit angra mainyu.29
10926939122Angra Mainyuevil spirit in zoroastrianism, the explanation for the presence of evil in the world30
10926939123LaoziChinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature.31
10926939124Qin ShihuangdiRuler of China who united China for the first time. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing.32
10926939125Han WudiThe most important Han Emperor: expanded the Empire in all directions; created the Civil Service System based upon Confucian learning; established Imperial University; promoted the Silk Roads33
10926939126DaoismChinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.34
10926939127LegalismIn China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)35
10926939128Qin DynastyThe dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country.36
10926939129Han dynastyA great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles. Han rulers chose officials on merit rather than birth. It was a time of prosperity37
10926939130Yellow Turban UprisingLarge revolt throughout China during the Han dynasty led by desperate peasants wearing yellow turbans. This uprising tested the resilience of the Han state during the late second century CE. It weakened the Han state during the second and third centuries CE. Leads to fall of Han Dynasty38
10926939131Chandragupta MauryaHe founded India's first empire (Mauryan). He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.39
10926939132AshokaThe grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire.40
10926939133Chandra GuptaLaid the foundations for the Gupta empire, he forged alliances with powerful families in the Ganges Region and established a dynamic kingdom about the year 320 C.E. Golden Age41
10926939134Siddhartha Gautamafounder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha42
10926939135Mauryan EmpireThe first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184)43
10926939136Gupta EmpirePowerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Golden Age44
10926939137HunsNomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration (Overthrew Gupta)45
10926939138Buddhisma world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire46
10926939139Homerancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)47
10926939140SocratesGreek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth48
10926939141PlatoPhilosopher (429 BC-347 BC) who studied under Socrates and questioned reality. He believed that ideal forms existed on a separate plane than our conception of reality. In his work the Republic, he described an ideal society, in which philosopher-kings would rule and everyone would be given jobs based on their talents. He also creates the Academy, an ancient school of philosophy.49
10926939142AristotleGreek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system.50
10926939143polisGreek word for city-state51
10926939144SpartaGreek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts52
10926939145Persian WarKing Darius of Persia wanted to conquer all of the Greek city-states but Athens and Sparta resisted. Greek city-states vs. Persia - Greek city-states won. Athens emerged as most powerful city state in Greece.53
10926939146Delian LeagueAn alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians54
10926939147Peloponnesian Wara war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta55
10926939148Hellenistic AgeGreek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.56
10926939149Ptolemaic EmpireThe Hellenistic empire in Egypt area after Alexander's death; created by Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals.57
10926939150Seleucid EmpireThe empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire.58
10926939151Julius CaesarMade dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power59
10926939152Augustus CaesarThe first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace60
10926939153Punic Warone of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome61
10926939154Twelve tablesthe earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law62
10926939155PatriciansA member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies.63
10926939156PlebeiansMembers of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders64
10926939157ConstantineEmperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)65
10926939158Silk roadsTrade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire66
10926939092QanatsUnderground irrigation systems developed by Persians67
10926939093AquaductsAbove ground structures that piped in fresh drinking water to public fountains in Roman Empire68
10926939094concreteRoman innovation that aided construction of large-scale projects.69
10926939095Paul of TarsusOne of the most important apostles who is largely responsible for the spread of Christianity around the Mediterranean World in the 1st century.70
10926939096Stepwellsan innovation of the gupta empire that allowed for the storage of fresh drinking water in a fashion that minimized evaporation.71
10926939097Jatia Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India; a special characteristic is often the exclusive occupation of its male members (such as barber or potter)72
10926939098filial pietyThe Confucian belief that one should obey older family members and pay respect to ancesters.73
10926939099ShudraThe serving class, the lowest caste in Hinduism before the creation of the untouchables74
10926939100Four Noble TruthsThe Buddhist beliefs that all life is a cycle of suffering, the cause of suffering is desires for worldly pleasures, and that the cycle of suffering will not be broken until a person escapes re-birth through a process of Enlightenment.75
10926939101BrahmaIn Hinduism, a universal spirit believed to be the origin of everything.76
10926939102SalonA reformer who preserved Athenian democracy by initiating a series of compromises between aristocrats and commoners.77
10926939103stupaBuddhist shrines, usually believed to hold holy relics.78
10926939104synchretismwhen elements of two or more cultures blend together79
10926939105boddisattvaIn Buddhism, a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so to remain on earth as a spiritual guide to others.80
10926939106gangesA holy river in Hinduism81
10926939107PersepolisThe city created by Darius the Great as the grand capital of the Achaemenid Empire.82
10926939108PataliputraLarge city along the Ganges River which was the capital of the Mauyaran Empire83
10926939109PaarsargadA capital city created by Cyrus the Great84
10926939110ConstantinopleLarge Roman trading city located on the straits between the Black and Mediterranean Seas.85
10926939111PeterEstablished an early Christian Church in Rome. Viewed by Christians as the first Pope.86
10926939112asceticsomeone who forgoes traditional desires such as food, sex, and shelter-usually for religious reasons.87
10926939113cynicisma Hellenistic philosophical movement that rejected material wealth and traditional authority.88

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