Terms : Hide Images
| 12165481528 | Persian Empire | Empire represented in this map |  | 0 |
| 12165481529 | Athens | First recorded democracy ever established. Direct democracy with juries of up to 2,500 people. Had to be an 18 year old male with Athenian parents to rule. | 1 | |
| 12165481530 | Greco-Persian Wars | Two major Persian invasions of Greece, 490 and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea each time. | 2 | |
| 12165481531 | Hellenism | Civilizations represented on this map |  | 3 |
| 12165481532 | Alexander the Great | Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. | 4 | |
| 12165481533 | Augustus | The first emperor of Rome whose leadership brought about a long period of Pax Romana (Roman Peace). | 5 | |
| 12165481534 | Qin Shihuangdi | (r.221-210 BCE) The emperor who unified China and established the first dynasty of a unified empire. |  | 6 |
| 12165481535 | Han Dynasty | (202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the previous dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Its rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity | 7 | |
| 12165481536 | Mauryan Dynasty | 322-185 BCE. The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. |  | 8 |
| 12165481537 | Ashoka | Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. | 9 | |
| 12165481538 | legalism | Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws | 10 | |
| 12165481539 | Confucianism | Chinese ethical and philosophical system. It sought to minimize conflicts by stressing obedience to superiors, reverence for elder family members, and honoring of ancestors | 11 | |
| 12165481540 | Vedas | Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. | 12 | |
| 12165481541 | Upanishads | A collection of over two hundred texts composed between 900 and 200 BC that provide philosophical commentary on the Vedas | 13 | |
| 12165481542 | Siddhartha Gautama | Founder of Buddhism |  | 14 |
| 12165481543 | Zoroastrianism | One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail. |  | 15 |
| 12165481544 | Judaism | A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with a covenant between God and Abraham and his descendants the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. Holy Book is the Torah | 16 | |
| 12165481545 | Greek Rationalism | A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in the period 600 B.C.E. to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms. | 17 | |
| 12165481546 | Socrates | (470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. He taught students to question everything until a reasonable conclusion could be arrived at, later became Socratic method. condemed to death for corrupting young minds. |  | 18 |
| 12165481547 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. | 19 | |
| 12165481548 | Jesus of Nazareth | Founder of Christianity. His teachings were based on Judaism but eventually became a separate faith and spread throughout the Roman Empire and the world. | 20 | |
| 12165481549 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony. | 21 | |
| 12165481550 | caste | distinct social class grouping; in China, Varna consisted of four classes that people were born into for life, and in India, |  | 22 |
| 12165481574 | Cyrus | Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. He allowed the Jews to return to their homeland | 23 | |
| 12165481575 | Darius | Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage. | 24 | |
| 12165481576 | Alexander the Great | Successor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement | 25 | |
| 12165481577 | Persian | Of or relating to Iran or its people or language or culture | 26 | |
| 12165481578 | Satraps | under Darius's rule these were known as governors who ruled the provinces. They collected taxes, served as judges, and put down rebellions | 27 | |
| 12165481579 | Persian Wars | Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131) | 28 | |
| 12165481580 | Ahura Mazda | Main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit angra mainyu. | 29 | |
| 12165481581 | Angra Mainyu | evil spirit in zoroastrianism, the explanation for the presence of evil in the world | 30 | |
| 12165481582 | Laozi | Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature. | 31 | |
| 12165481583 | Qin Shihuangdi | Ruler of China who united China for the first time. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing. | 32 | |
| 12165481584 | Han Wudi | The most important Han Emperor: expanded the Empire in all directions; created the Civil Service System based upon Confucian learning; established Imperial University; promoted the Silk Roads | 33 | |
| 12165481585 | Daoism | Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature. | 34 | |
| 12165481586 | Legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52) | 35 | |
| 12165481587 | Qin Dynasty | The dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country. | 36 | |
| 12165481588 | Han dynasty | A great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles. Han rulers chose officials on merit rather than birth. It was a time of prosperity | 37 | |
| 12165481589 | Yellow Turban Uprising | Large revolt throughout China during the Han dynasty led by desperate peasants wearing yellow turbans. This uprising tested the resilience of the Han state during the late second century CE. It weakened the Han state during the second and third centuries CE. Leads to fall of Han Dynasty | 38 | |
| 12165481590 | Chandragupta Maurya | He founded India's first empire (Mauryan). He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India. | 39 | |
| 12165481591 | Ashoka | The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire. | 40 | |
| 12165481592 | Chandra Gupta | Laid the foundations for the Gupta empire, he forged alliances with powerful families in the Ganges Region and established a dynamic kingdom about the year 320 C.E. Golden Age | 41 | |
| 12165481593 | Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha | 42 | |
| 12165481594 | Mauryan Empire | The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184) | 43 | |
| 12165481595 | Gupta Empire | Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Golden Age | 44 | |
| 12165481596 | Huns | Nomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration (Overthrew Gupta) | 45 | |
| 12165481597 | Buddhism | a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire | 46 | |
| 12165481598 | Homer | ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC) | 47 | |
| 12165481599 | Socrates | Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth | 48 | |
| 12165481600 | Plato | Philosopher (429 BC-347 BC) who studied under Socrates and questioned reality. He believed that ideal forms existed on a separate plane than our conception of reality. In his work the Republic, he described an ideal society, in which philosopher-kings would rule and everyone would be given jobs based on their talents. He also creates the Academy, an ancient school of philosophy. | 49 | |
| 12165481601 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system. | 50 | |
| 12165481602 | polis | Greek word for city-state | 51 | |
| 12165481603 | Sparta | Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts | 52 | |
| 12165481604 | Persian War | King Darius of Persia wanted to conquer all of the Greek city-states but Athens and Sparta resisted. Greek city-states vs. Persia - Greek city-states won. Athens emerged as most powerful city state in Greece. | 53 | |
| 12165481605 | Delian League | An alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians | 54 | |
| 12165481606 | Peloponnesian War | a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta | 55 | |
| 12165481607 | Hellenistic Age | Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam. | 56 | |
| 12165481608 | Ptolemaic Empire | The Hellenistic empire in Egypt area after Alexander's death; created by Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals. | 57 | |
| 12165481609 | Seleucid Empire | The empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire. | 58 | |
| 12165481610 | Julius Caesar | Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power | 59 | |
| 12165481611 | Augustus Caesar | The first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace | 60 | |
| 12165481612 | Punic War | one of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome | 61 | |
| 12165481613 | Twelve tables | the earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law | 62 | |
| 12165481614 | Patricians | A member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies. | 63 | |
| 12165481615 | Plebeians | Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders | 64 | |
| 12165481616 | Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) | 65 | |
| 12165481617 | Silk roads | Trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire | 66 | |
| 12165481551 | Qanats | Underground irrigation systems developed by Persians | 67 | |
| 12165481552 | Aquaducts | Above ground structures that piped in fresh drinking water to public fountains in Roman Empire | 68 | |
| 12165481553 | concrete | Roman innovation that aided construction of large-scale projects. | 69 | |
| 12165481554 | Paul of Tarsus | One of the most important apostles who is largely responsible for the spread of Christianity around the Mediterranean World in the 1st century. | 70 | |
| 12165481555 | Stepwells | an innovation of the gupta empire that allowed for the storage of fresh drinking water in a fashion that minimized evaporation. | 71 | |
| 12165481556 | Jati | a Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India; a special characteristic is often the exclusive occupation of its male members (such as barber or potter) | 72 | |
| 12165481557 | filial piety | The Confucian belief that one should obey older family members and pay respect to ancesters. | 73 | |
| 12165481558 | Shudra | The serving class, the lowest caste in Hinduism before the creation of the untouchables | 74 | |
| 12165481559 | Four Noble Truths | The Buddhist beliefs that all life is a cycle of suffering, the cause of suffering is desires for worldly pleasures, and that the cycle of suffering will not be broken until a person escapes re-birth through a process of Enlightenment. | 75 | |
| 12165481560 | Brahma | In Hinduism, a universal spirit believed to be the origin of everything. | 76 | |
| 12165481561 | Salon | A reformer who preserved Athenian democracy by initiating a series of compromises between aristocrats and commoners. | 77 | |
| 12165481562 | stupa | Buddhist shrines, usually believed to hold holy relics. | 78 | |
| 12165481563 | synchretism | when elements of two or more cultures blend together | 79 | |
| 12165481564 | boddisattva | In Buddhism, a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so to remain on earth as a spiritual guide to others. | 80 | |
| 12165481565 | ganges | A holy river in Hinduism | 81 | |
| 12165481566 | Persepolis | The city created by Darius the Great as the grand capital of the Achaemenid Empire. | 82 | |
| 12165481567 | Pataliputra | Large city along the Ganges River which was the capital of the Mauyaran Empire | 83 | |
| 12165481568 | Paarsargad | A capital city created by Cyrus the Great | 84 | |
| 12165481569 | Constantinople | Large Roman trading city located on the straits between the Black and Mediterranean Seas. | 85 | |
| 12165481570 | Peter | Established an early Christian Church in Rome. Viewed by Christians as the first Pope. | 86 | |
| 12165481571 | ascetic | someone who forgoes traditional desires such as food, sex, and shelter-usually for religious reasons. | 87 | |
| 12165481572 | cynicism | a Hellenistic philosophical movement that rejected material wealth and traditional authority. | 88 | |
| 12165481618 | "classical" civilization | a civilization that is old but still relevant to today... lays a foundation... trend-setting | 89 | |
| 12165481619 | Phonecians | in about 800 BCE... seafaring semetic group from the Mediterranean that visited the Aegean, reestablishing contact within Greece in the Middle East... unable to expand because of surrounding mountains and desert and took the sea to widen their horizons... created the Phonetic alphabet that was much simpler than any other language of its day | 90 | |
| 12165481620 | Minoans | civilization on the Greek island of Crete that controlled most of the area by around 1600 BCE... replaced by the Mycenaeans... cultural diffusion in that it had Egyptian-like art and architecture... commercial relations with Egypt also... | 91 | |
| 12165481621 | Myceneans | replaced Minoan civilization around 1600-800 BCE... often at war with others around them (Trojan war)... security was important | 92 | |
| 12165481622 | classical Greece | started when the Dark Age ended and literacy reemerged | 93 | |
| 12165481623 | Homer | created epic poetry (Iliad and Odyssey) that provides us with much of our knowledge of the early Greek period around 700 BCE... poetry illuminates Greek attitudes toward their "wine dark sea" and depict their heroes as the great mariners that they were... helped literacy reappear again after the Dark Age | 94 | |
| 12165481624 | Polis | city-state... development encouraged by geographic features of the Greek homeland... each of around 200 was a separate political and cultural unit, independent of others but still cooperating with them... never united under one government... each had its own patron god/godess | 95 | |
| 12165481625 | monarchy | hereditary rule by one (form of poleis government in ancient Greece) | 96 | |
| 12165481626 | oligarchy | rule by a few (form of poleis government in ancient Greece) | 97 | |
| 12165481627 | aristocracy | rule by leading families (form of poleis government in ancient Greece) | 98 | |
| 12165481628 | Sparta | defeated neighboring city-state called Messenia in 700s BCE... highly militaristic society... took Messenians as servants | 99 | |
| 12165481629 | democracy | a new form of popular government... appeared for the first time in classical Greece (Athens), but you had to be a soldier and educated | 100 | |
| 12165481630 | Persian war | 490-479 BCE... Persians wanted to take over Greece... started the cultural concept that Asia was separate from Europe... mobility and distance war, key to Persian warfare... made Athens the premier city-state in Greece | 101 | |
| 12165481631 | Persian empire | 539-331 BCE... multi-racial, multi-ethnic... professional army, professional bureaucracy... superior military leadership and organization... strong political system | 102 | |
| 12165481632 | Zoroastrianism | official religion of Persian empire... sacred book was Zend Avesta... Ahuramazda was supreme deity who brought all things into being... monotheistic but there was an evil spirit too... through free will, humans could choose between right and wrong... influenced other monotheistic religions | 103 | |
| 12165481633 | Pericles | leader of the Delian league which was an alliance of city-states who attacked the Spartans' ally, Corinth to offend the Spartans... led to Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta where Greeks were defeated by Macedonians | 104 | |
| 12165481634 | Golden Age of Athens | 479-404 BCE... ended with Peloponnesian War | 105 | |
| 12165481635 | Socrates | focused on ethical questions and truth-seeking... his trial represents clash between traditional religious values and the new emphasis on human capabilities (independent thinking)... created Socratic method which is asking questions of students | 106 | |
| 12165481636 | Plato | wrote The Republic which talked about how Socrates taught... talked about justice, logic and reason... student of Socrates | 107 | |
| 12165481637 | Aristotile | Plato's student who was interested in fields of human endeavor including science | 108 | |
| 12165481638 | drama | started in Classical Greece as a presentation of myths about the gods and their intervention in human affairs | 109 | |
| 12165481639 | Hellenic art | 500-300 BCE... part of Classical Greece's Hellenic culture... based on mathematical formulas and proportionality... Parthenon's columns were basis... perfected naturalism: more real-looking features | 110 | |
| 12165481640 | Hellenistic art | 323-146 BCE... not as much rational proportionality... average-looking people... more emotionally charged than Hellenic art... | 111 | |
| 12165481641 | Alexander the Great | 356-323 BCE... assassination of King Phillip left him in charge of Greece... taught by Aristotle and eventually conquered the whole known world... planned to merge Greece and Asia but died | 112 | |
| 12165481642 | Alexandria | named after Alexander the Great as he was forcing Greek and Asian institutions to blend civilizations | 113 | |
| 12165481643 | Rome | 509-476 BCE... most famous civilization with a practical, no-nonsense outlook on life... government was a cross between monarchy and oligarchy... opened citizenship to non-Romans, unlike Greeks | 114 | |
| 12165481644 | Latin | language of Roman literature that spread far and wide | 115 | |
| 12165481645 | Etruscans | 800 BCE... came into Italy and established city-states headed by Etruscan kings who managed local leaders from about 750-509 BCE... eventually formed Roman empire | 116 | |
| 12165481646 | Roman republic | republic = the people thing (a state without a monarch)... formed when Romans gained independence from Etruscan rule... most important ruling body was Senate composed of patricians (aristocrats).... BALANCE between MONARCHY and OLIGARCHY | 117 | |
| 12165481647 | Roman Law | studied and codified by Augustus Caesar who formed the Law of the Twelve Tables by adding onto the days of the republic | 118 | |
| 12165481648 | Punic Wars | 264-146 BCE... Rome vs. Carthage... produced crisis... Rome's economic and political power increased tremendously after their victory... took control of lands and resources of Carthage | 119 | |
| 12165481649 | Roman Empire | established when Augustus/Octavian became emperor... used the crisis to justify taking everything under his control... military became more powerful | 120 | |
| 12165481650 | Julius Caesar | 50 BCE... general who declared himself dictator... was assassinated and Octavian became ruler | 121 | |
| 12165481651 | Octavian (Augustus) | managed large Roman empire with considerable efficiency and honesty | 122 | |
| 12165481652 | Pax Romana | 31 BCE - 180 CE... brought on by Augustus... Roman empire reached its largest extent and settled into a long period of peace and prosperity in which Roman strength was generally unchallenged... internal stability, prosperity, wealth | 123 | |
| 12165481653 | concrete | building material crucial to Roman engineering and architecture... the arch was constructed of this | 124 | |
| 12165481654 | the arch | (in Rome) usually made of concrete... allowed buildings to carry great structural weight... often rested on columns... the dome was also an important architectural structure | 125 | |
| 12165481655 | auqeducts | connected water from mountain springs to cities... signified high quality lifestyle with amazing public architecture in Rome | 126 | |
| 12165481656 | Judaism | no more statues/images of God... God was more abstract, less human, more all-knowing and all-powerful... God set high standards for ethical and moral conduct | 127 | |
| 12165481657 | Hebrews | origin of Judaism... small, Middle Eastern, Semitic group influenced by Babylonian civilization... followed Hebrew Bible and | 128 | |
| 12165481658 | Abraham | Mesopotamian founder of Judaism who rejected polytheism and traveled to Israel and found a kingdom after the people migrated to Egypt and were enslaved | 129 | |
| 12165481659 | monotheism | idea of there being one god... distinguished Jews from all other religions | 130 | |
| 12165481660 | Torah | the law of God according to Hebrews/Jews | 131 | |
| 12165481661 | Jewish diaspora | scattering of Hebrews by the conquerors (Romans) that spread them to many parts of the earth... the religion was difficult to join and remained limited in widespread appeal | 132 | |
| 12165481662 | Christianity | emerged as a new religion in the early years of the Roman Empire in Judea, the old Jewish kingdom that had become a Roman province... based on love, charity, and humility, not on possessions and money, which made it appealing... also idea of afterlife was attractive | 133 | |
| 12165481663 | Jesus of Nazareth | Jewish prophet and teacher who lived during the time of Augustus and advocated a purification of the Jewish religion that would establish the kingdom of God on earth... appealed to poor because his message was universal: all people were welcome in the kingdom of God, no matter their social status or ethnicity... executed by Romans around 30 CE because they saw Christianity as new and thought Pagan gods would turn their back on them | 134 | |
| 12165481664 | Peter and Paul | Christian missionaries who appealed to Greeks and Romans and put Christian beliefs in terms that Greeks and Romans could understand... traveled through Mediterranean... claimed that Jesus' message was 'final covenant' between man and God... said that Jesus was savior of humanity and claimed his resurrection... both executed | 135 | |
| 12165481665 | Diocletian | 200 CE... strong Roman emperor who stopped Roman decline (during Germanic attacks) temporarily | 136 | |
| 12165481666 | Constantine | 300 CE... Roman emperor who legalized Christianity... created Constantinople to escape threatening attacks of Rome by nomads | 137 | |
| 12165481667 | Classical China | after Zhou dynasty had faded, end of Warring States Period | 138 | |
| 12165481668 | Warring States Period | 475-221 BCE... end of Zhou dynasty... time of political turmoil and instability with regional warlords constantly challenging the authority of the Zhou... also prompted much debate about how to solve China's many problems, resulting in the origins of three influential belief systems (Legalism, Daoism, Confucianism) | 139 | |
| 12165481669 | Qin Shi Huang Di | ruled from 221-210 BCE... king of Qin Dynasty who declared himself "The First Emperor" because he had much stronger centralized authority than the previous dynasties had... ruled through centralized bureaucracy... divided China into administrative provinces governed by administrators that served at his pleasure... criticized by Confucians... had books that were not practical burned... strengthened China by standardizing laws and currencies so that they were the same across all regional states... also standardized writing and language | 140 | |
| 12165481670 | Qin Dynasty | 221-207 BCE... founded upon legalism... used the philosophy of harsh, strict rule to dominate neighbors in western China... overthrown by revolts... public works such as roads were important | 141 | |
| 12165481671 | The Great Wall of China | Shi Huang Di forced his subjects to build this, among other roads to facilitate communications and move his armies | 142 | |
| 12165481672 | Han Dynasty | 206 BCE - 220 CE... rose to replace Qin dynasty... coexisted with Roman empire... led by Han Wudi... based on Confucianism... strong, nonhereditary bureaucracy... de-emphasized legalism in favor of a government based on Confucian values | 143 | |
| 12165481673 | forbidden city | city in Han Dynasty where the emperor lived... only his family, servants and closest advisors were permitted within its boundaries | 144 | |
| 12165481674 | Shi (Mandarins) | highest of social status in Han dynasty... scholar bureaucrats... held large amounts of land and bureaucratic positions in the government... usually only wealthy had time and money for the civil service exam they had to take | 145 | |
| 12165481675 | silk | most important material in Han China... sold throughout world because silkworm had been domesticated and no one else new how to make it | 146 | |
| 12165481676 | paper | important invention in Han China that greatly facilitated the work of the scholar-gentry | 147 | |
| 12165481677 | Confucius | 551-479 BCE... lived in the late Zhou Era during the Warring States period... middle-level bureaucrat in Chinese government who started Confucianism... teachings based on model of the Chinese family... most concerned about chaos... his philosophy envisions ideal society of harmony and order | 148 | |
| 12165481678 | Confucianism | started by Confucius and was foundation for Han dynasty... based on Five Great Relationships and gentlemanly conduct... wanted to appeal to peoples' better natures with concern and justice... important topics were the mandate of heaven and yin yang... more of a belief system or philosophy than a religion | 149 | |
| 12165481679 | Laozi | 5th century BCE... wrote mainly about withdrawal from the world, but advised Chinese rulers... emphasized the wise man's individual search for the meanings of life through the following of the Dao... disagreed with Confucius on need for strong, centralized state | 150 | |
| 12165481680 | Daoism | encourages people to retreat from society and develop a reflective and introspective consciousness... based on effortless action and natural forces in universe... influence on culture and art... Dao is inevitable way of nature | 151 | |
| 12165481681 | Classical India | less centralized government... no elite/bureaucracy, Rajas were local kings and chieftans | 152 | |
| 12165481682 | caste sytsem | structure was justified by religion and... you were defined by your caste... priests, warriors, merchants/landowners, commoners/peasants/servants, street sweepers/latrine cleaners (from greatest to least) | 153 | |
| 12165481683 | sanskrit | writing system in Classical India | 154 | |
| 12165481684 | the Vedas | myths written about gods, goddesses and heroes in Classical India... most important works written in Sanskrit... passed down to generations of Aryans... reflect conflicts between Aryans and Dravidians | 155 | |
| 12165481685 | The Upanishads | works that explored the nature of the metaphysical world... spoke about universal spirit named Brahman, who is eternal and unchanging... foundation for Hindu beliefs | 156 | |
| 12165481686 | Mauryan Empire/Dynasty | 321-185 BCE (same time as Alexander the Great)... came to rule a good part of India for a long time... started in a wealthy kingdom that was strategically located along the trade routes and expanded into India's first centralized empire... large imperial army controlled empire... empire collapsed from attacks in the northwest | 157 | |
| 12165481687 | Ashoka | leader of Mauryan empire... turned to Buddhism and became a responsible monarch... ruled with a large imperial army | 158 | |
| 12165481688 | Gupta Empire | 320-550 CE in India... localized government... Buddhism declined, Hinduism reasserted... smaller and less controlling than Mauryan empire... didn't build a bureaucracy but allowed regional warrior elites autonomy to rule their areas... mathematics were important | 159 | |
| 12165481689 | Hinduism | sort of monotheistic and sort of polytheistic... all gods are part of the universal spirit... not as much of a religion as Indian religious ideas... very open religion... Brahman is one universal soul... "all life is one"... ideas of karma, reincarnation and ending samsara or wheel of reincarnation | 160 | |
| 12165481690 | Brahma, Vishnu, Siva | important Hindu deities... ideas of birth, death and life | 161 | |
| 12165481691 | samsara | Hindu idea of reincarnation... something you achieving moksha, or unification with universal soul | 162 | |
| 12165481692 | karma | idea of Hindu destiny that each person has that has been shaped by years of cause and effect that is outwardly revealed by your caste (situation in life) | 163 | |
| 12165481693 | dharma | idea of Hindu set of duties that each individual must fulfill... if it is fulfilled, the person will be reincarnated in the next life as a person of higher caste | 164 | |
| 12165481694 | yoga | practiced in Hinduism (and Buddhism?) helps people focus on fulfilling dharma... meditation like this is promoted | 165 | |
| 12165481695 | Buddhism | 500 BCE - now... freedom from suffering, renouncing of physical pleasures... Judaism: Christianity as Hinduism: Buddhism... believed that obstacle to enlightenment is wanting to enlightenment in Hinduism... eight fold path ends suffering... middle path brings inner peace... Theravada (smaller and stricter division)... Mahayana (more accepting, believes in Buddha as a god)... came to China in 68 CE | 166 | |
| 12165481696 | Siddhartha Gautama | starter of Buddhism... abandoned privileged life to seek the meaning of life... taught that everyone, regardless of caste could attain nirvana... called the Buddha or enlightened one | 167 | |
| 12165481697 | nirvana | union with the one universal spirit, which offers release from human suffering... rough equivalent to moksha in Hinduism... total enlightenment and inner peace | 168 | |
| 12165481698 | four noble truths (Buddhism) | all life is suffering; desires/cravings are the source of pain; ending desire will end suffering; eight fold path ends suffering... can help anyone attain Nirvana | 169 | |
| 12165481699 | Arabic Numerals and Zero | Hindus created concept of zero and a number system (decimal system) based on 10... Roman numerals no longer effective... allowed for larger calculations | 170 | |
| 12165481700 | The Silk Road | 300 BCE - 1500s CE... most important trade route... costs increased as goods traveled towards other side... most goods agricultural... religious ideas and art forms also traveled on it... held together by nomads of Central Asia | 171 | |
| 12165481701 | Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Trade | things traded were smaller and more luxury-oriented... India provided spices... gold and ivory... slaves traded later on... dhows with lateen sails were used in Indian oceans because of harsh winds... trireme was a Greek sailing vessel | 172 | |
| 12165481702 | Trans-Saharan Trade | salt was hugely important for preservation and flavoring of food... camel caravans were used instead of horses because they could go days without food | 173 | |
| 12165481703 | stirrup | important invention on Silk Road that made horses more heavily armed | 174 | |
| 12165481704 | Huns | 300-400 CE... small empire that did a lot of damage... used nobility and new force to invade China, India, Europe... overwhelmed by Gupta's treasury and collapsed | 175 | |
| 12165481705 | Germanic People (Anglo-Saxons, Franks, Goths) | invaded Rome in 476... competed with Huns for land... took advantage of Rome's vulnerability... settled in European countries... Roman Catholicism continued | 176 |
