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| 2909588213 | Early Han Policies | Liu Bang attempted to follow a middle path between the decentralized network of political alliances of the Zhou dynasty and tightly centralized state of the Qin. |  | 0 |
| 2909588214 | The Martial Emperor, Han Wudi | He ruled his empire with vigor. He pursued two policies in particular: administrative centralization and imperial expansion. |  | 1 |
| 2909623435 | The medes and the Persians - migrated from central Asia to Persia (the southwestern portion of the modern | day state of Iran), where they lived in loose subjection to the Babylonian and Assyrian empires |  | 2 |
| 2909623436 | Cyrus | reigned from 558-530 B.C.E and launched the Persian's imperial venture. |  | 3 |
| 2909623437 | Cyrus's conquests | Ruled from his mountain fortress at Pasargadae in 558 B.C.E and launched a rebellion against his Median overlord in 553 B.C.E. which he won in 3 years. Brought all of Iran under his control by 548 B.C.E. |  | 4 |
| 2909623438 | Darius | ruled the Persian empire after Cyrus's son's rule (Cambyses). Extended the empire east and west. |  | 5 |
| 2909623439 | Persepolis | about 520 B.C.E Darius started to build a new capitol at Persepolis near Pasargadae. It served as not only an administrative center but also as a monument to the Achaemenid dynasty. |  | 6 |
| 2909623440 | Achaemenid administration: the satrapies | Darius divided his empire into 23 satrapies with administrative and taxation districts governed by satraps (governors) |  | 7 |
| 2909623441 | Taxes, Coins, and Laws | Darius replaced irregular tribute payments with formal taxes from the people. He received the taxes by each satrapy to deliver a payment of a set quantity of silver, and sometimes slaves and horses annually. | 8 | |
| 2909623442 | Roads and Communications | The achaemenid rulers built roads across their realm, most importantly, the Persian Royal Road. It stretched about 1600 miles. Took some 90 days to travel across this road. |  | 9 |
| 2909623443 | The achaemenid Commonwealth | The law, justice and administration from king Darius led to political stability. Darius and Cyrus pursued a policy of toleration. |  | 10 |
| 2909623444 | The Persian Wars | A rebellion of the Ionian Geeks that started a chain reaction of conflicts that lasted from 500 to 479 B.C.E. |  | 11 |
| 2909623445 | Alexander of Macedon | Known as Alexander the Great, he led the invasion on Persia in 334 B.C.E. using less but better trained warriors that ended the Achaemenid Empire in 331 B.C.E. He burned Persepolis. |  | 12 |
| 2909623446 | The Seleucids | Seleucus was one of the chief generals that inherited a third of the empire when Alexander died. He gained most of the old Achaemenid Empire from 305-281 B.C.E. |  | 13 |
| 2909623447 | The Parthians | The Parthians were seminomadic people who were based in Iran that extended to a wealthy Mesopotamia. |  | 14 |
| 2909623448 | Parthian Conquests | The Parthian satrap revolted against his Seleucid overlord in 238 B.C.E. Mithradates I, the Parthians greatest conqueror, came to throne about 171 B.C.E. and transformed the state into a mighty empire. He extended his hold into Mesopotamia. |  | 15 |
| 2909623449 | Parthian Government | The Parthians largely followed the example of the Acheamenids in structuring their empire. However, the Parthians vested a great deal of authority and responsibility in their clan leaders. | | 16 |
| 2909623450 | The Sasanids | Came from Persia who overcame the Parthians in 224 C.E. and ruled until the year 651 C.E | 17 | |
| 2909623451 | Imperial Bureaucrats | The development of a cosmopolitan empire brought great complexity to Persian society. The requirements of imperial administration called for a new class of educated bureaucrats. |  | 18 |
| 2909623452 | Free Classes | In the cities the free classes included artisans, craftsmen, merchants, and low-ranking civil servants. |  | 19 |
| 2909623453 | Slaves | A large class of slaves also worked in both cities and countrysides. Often came from the free people who came into debt. They provided much of the manual labor on construction projects. |  | 20 |
| 2909623454 | Agricultural Production | Agricultural was the economic foundation of classical Persian Society. Agricultural product for sale in the cities or distributed to state servants through the imperial bureaucracy and other high officials. |  | 21 |
| 2909623455 | Trade | Long-distance trade grew rapidly during the course of the Persian Empires and linked lands from India to Egypt. |  | 22 |
| 2909623456 | Zarathustra | Zarathustra's teachings resulted in the emergence of Zoroastrianism. It is believed that he left his home at the age of 20 to search for wisdom, and after about 10 years of travel, he experienced a series of visions and became convinced that the aupreme god (Ahura Mazda) had chosen him to serve as his prophet and spread his message. |  | 23 |
| 2909623457 | The Gathas | hymns that Zarathustra composed and were spread orally by Magis until they were written down and compiled into the book, The Avesta. |  | 24 |
| 2909623458 | Zoroastrianism Teachings | Zarathustra and his followers were not strict monotheists. They recognized Ahura Mazda as a supreme deity and also six lesser deities, whom he praised in the Gathas. |  | 25 |
| 2909623459 | Popularity of Zoroastrianism | Wealthy patrons donated land and established endowments for the support of Zoroastrian temples. The emergence of a sizable priesthood, whose members conducted religious rituals, maintained a calendar, taught Zoroastrian values, and preserved Zoroastrian doctrine through oral transmission | 26 | |
| 2909623460 | Officially Sponsored Zorastrianism | The Sasanids often persecuted other faiths if they seemed likely to become popular enough to challenge the supremacy Zoroastrianism. | 27 | |
| 2909623461 | Other Faiths | Numerous Jewish communities had become established in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Persia. Three religions of salvation-Buddhism, Christianity, and Manichaesim-found a footing alongside Judaism and attracted converts. |  | 28 |
| 2909623462 | Influence of Zorastrianism | Zoroastrianism left its mark on other religions of salvation. Jews living in Persia during Achaemenid times adopted several specific teaching of Zoroastrianism, which later found their way into faiths of Christianity and Islam. |  | 29 |
| 2909623463 | Confucius | Founder of Confucianism. |  | 30 |
| 2909623464 | Confucian Ideas | A set of moral ideas that were then compiled into a book by his disciples called the analects |  | 31 |
| 2909623465 | Confucian Values | Confucius' values were based on respectful, moral, ethical and humane principles. |  | 32 |
| 2909623466 | Mencius | Spokesman for the Confucian school. Held a naively optimistic view on human nature. |  | 33 |
| 2909623467 | Xunzi | Xunzi was very much alike Mencius and Confucius. He worked as a government administrator. He thought organizing social organizations would bring order to society |  | 34 |
| 2909623468 | Laozi and the Daodejing | Laozi was the founder of Daoism. He created the daodejing which was the daoist principles |  | 35 |
| 2909623469 | The Dao | The central concept of Daoism is dao, meaning "the way," more specifically "the way of nature" or "the way of the cosmos." |  | 36 |
| 2909623470 | The Doctrine of Wuwei | Disengagement from the competitive exertions and active involvement in affairs of the world. |  | 37 |
| 2909623471 | Political Implications of Daoism | Daoism served as a counterbalance to the activism and extroversion of the Confucian tradition. Daoism encouraged the cultivation of self-knowledge in a way that appealed strongly to Confucians as well as to Daoists. |  | 38 |
| 2909623472 | Legalist docrine | Legalists sought to channel as many individual as possible into cultivation or military service while discouraging them from pursuing careers as merchants, entrepreneurs, scholars, and etc. The Legalists expected to harness subjects' energy by means of clear and strict laws. |  | 39 |
| 2909623473 | Shang Yang | Chief minister to the duke of the Qin state in western China. He was also despised and feared because of his power and ruthlessness. |  | 40 |
| 2909623474 | Han Feizi | Was a stundent of Xunzi. Reviewed Legalist ideas from political thinkers in all parts of China and synthesized them in a collection of powerful and well-argued essays on statecraft. |  | 41 |
| 2909623475 | The Kingdom of Qin | The Kingdom of Qin gradually but consistently grew at the expense of the other Chinese states. Qin rulers attacked one state after another, absorbing each new conquest into their centralized structure, until finally they had brought China for the first time under the sway of a single state. |  | 42 |
| 2909623476 | The First Emperor | Qin Shihaugdi. His empire only lasted fourteen years. |  | 43 |
| 2909623477 | Resistance to Qin Policies | Confucians, Daoists, and others launched a vigorous campaign of criticism. Qin Shihuangdi ordered execution for those who criticized his regime, and he demanded the burning of all books of philosophy, ethics, history, and literature. |  | 44 |
| 2909623478 | The Burning of the Books | Qin Shihuangdi sentenced some 460 scholars residing in the capital to be buried alive for their criticism of his regime, and he forced many other critics from the provinces into the army and dispatched them to dangerous frontier posts. Also it included the burning of the books of scholars. |  | 45 |
| 2909623479 | Qin Centralization | In keeping with his policy of centralization, he standardized the laws, currencies, weights, and measures of the various regions of China. |  | 46 |
| 2909623480 | Standardized Script | Shihuangdi mandated the use of a common script throughout his empire. The common script enables them to communicate in writing across linguistic boundaries. |  | 47 |
| 2909623481 | Tomb of the First Emperor | His final resting place was a lavish tomb constructed by some seven hundred thousand drafted laborers as a permanent monument to the First Emperor. Rare and expensive grave goods accompanied the emperor in burial, along with sacrificed slaves, concubines, and many of the craftsmen who designed and built the tomb. |  | 48 |
| 2909623482 | Liu Bang | He was not a colorful or charismatic figure, but he was a persistent man and a methodical planner. He surrounded himself with brilliant advisers and enjoyed the unwavering loyalty of his troops. |  | 49 |
