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| 3742061766 | The Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, East Asia, and the Americas | Where did new empires emerge? | 0 | |
| 3742061767 | Polis | City-state | 1 | |
| 3742368542 | One geographical advantage the early Greeks had was good access to water through natural harbors, navigable bays, and calm waters with islands that served as multiple docking places for ships. | Need to know | 2 | |
| 3742368543 | The Greek civilization was made up of 200 poleis, each a separate political and cultural unit, independent of every other | Need to know | 3 | |
| 3742368544 | Slash and burn agriculture | Shifting cultivators burned off the rain forest undergrowth, but left the large trees to protect the soil. They used the ash from the burned undergrowth to fertilize the crops | 4 | |
| 3742368545 | A town meeting of all free males called together to make decisions affecting the future of the polis | What was at the heart of Athenian democracy? | 5 | |
| 3742368546 | In Athens, democracies consisted of only free males, so women and slaves had no political power | Need to know | 6 | |
| 3742368547 | The Spartans were so disappointed and rigidly obedient, and put a great deal of emphasis on physical fitness | Need to know | 7 | |
| 3742368548 | Western Anatolia | Where were coins invented? | 8 | |
| 3742368549 | The significant invention of coins facilitated trade because they replaced inefficient system of weighing gold, silver, or bronze in exchange for goods | Need to know | 9 | |
| 3742368550 | Coins were much smaller and easier to store, and also made bookkeeping and storage of wealth more efficient | What were advantages of coins? | 10 | |
| 3742368551 | Spartans wore simple clothing and no jewelry, nor did they accumulate possessions | What did Spartans wear? | 11 | |
| 3742368552 | In regard to gender relations, Sparta and Athens provide an interesting contrast. Spartan women were free and equal with men, and they were encouraged to be as physically fit as the men, especially so they could have strong, healthy babies. In Athens, gender inequality was much more clearly defined. Respectable Athenian women were confined to the home and only ventured outside under the guardianship of slaves and servants. | Need to know | 12 | |
| 3742368553 | They were polytheistic | What religion were the Greeks? | 13 | |
| 3742368554 | Secularism | Affairs of the world | 14 | |
| 3742368555 | The Greek influences on secularism, or affairs of this world, lead them to seek answers to the dilemmas of human existence and philosophy, in much the same way that the ancient Chinese embraced Confucianism | Need to know | 15 | |
| 3742368556 | Drama, lyric poetry, and classical architecture | What three major art forms did the Greeks develop? | 16 | |
| 3742368557 | Cyrus the great | He overcame other rulers, such as the king of Medes, to extend his territory from the edge of India to the Mediterranean Sea | 17 | |
| 3742368558 | Cyrus the great allowed his subjects to retain their own customs and laws under the supervision of his Persian representatives | Need to know | 18 | |
| 3742368559 | Satraps | These governors were responsible for collecting tribute, providing soldiers, and keeping order | 19 | |
| 3742368560 | The Greeks defeated the Persians at the legendary battle of Marathon | Need to know | 20 | |
| 3742368561 | Peloponnesian war | (431 - 404 B.C.E) between Athens and Sparta | 21 | |
| 3742368562 | King Philip II | Who transformed Macedonia by building a powerful military former infantryman and aristocratic Calvary? | 22 | |
| 3742368563 | Philip was able to conquer the poleis One by one, since they were unable to agree with one another enough to form an alliance against him | Need to know | 23 | |
| 3742368564 | Greeks beat Persians to times, Athens versus Sparta, Greece now week and in conflict, Macedonians take over | Need to know in this order | 24 | |
| 3742368565 | Alexander the great's army made it all the way to the Indus River Valley, where the troops refused to go any farther | Need to know | 25 | |
| 3742368566 | Hellenistic age | Historians call the epoch following the conquest of Alexander the great this because of the spreading of Greek culture | 26 | |
| 3742368567 | Many Greeks left their overcrowded homeland to settle in the new lands, and they took their culture with them, where it blended in the Hellenistic synthesis with many other cultures, creating cosmopolitan societies connected by trade in Greek culture | Need to know | 27 | |
| 3742368568 | Under the republican form of government, Rome was not a democracy, even though it was not ruled by a monarch | Need to know | 28 | |
| 3742368569 | The executive was headed by two consuls, elected from among the members of the Senate for one year terms that were not to be repeated | Need to know | 29 | |
| 3742368570 | Julius Caesar | A charismatic patrician general with great sway over his soldiers who was assassinated | 30 | |
| 3742368571 | Triumvirate | Rule of three | 31 | |
| 3742368572 | The triumvirate was composed of Julius Caesar, Crassus (for his wealth), and Pompey, a rival general to Caesar | Need to know | 32 | |
| 3742368573 | Julius Caesar's nephew Octavian battled a general, Mark Antony, for control of Rome. Octavian defeated Antony in the battle of Actium in 31 B.C.E. and the Senate declared him Agustus Caesar, establishing the Roman Empire | Need to know | 33 | |
| 3742368574 | Republic to Empire | What did Rome convert to? | 34 | |
| 3742368575 | In his 40 year rule, he overhauled the military, the economy, and the government, putting in place a system that would last for another 250 years without substantial changes | Need to know | 35 | |
| 3742368576 | Pax Romana | Roman peace that lasted until the late second century common era | 36 | |
| 3742368577 | After that, Rome settled into a decline that eventually ended it's conquest in 476 common era | Need to know | 37 | |
| 3742368578 | Patricians | The elite were called | 38 | |
| 3742368579 | Plebeians | The commoners were known as | 39 | |
| 3742368580 | Paterfamilias | The oldest living male | 40 | |
| 3742368581 | Patrons | Man of wealth whose clients turn to for help and protection | 41 | |
| 3742368582 | A multi generational family with domestic slaves | What was the basic unit of Roman society? | 42 | |
| 3742368583 | Some of the senators more prosperous clients might in turn be patrons of poorer men, so Rome's citizenry were tied to one another in a web of inequality | Need to know | 43 | |
| 3742368584 | Women in the upper classes were generally treated like children under the strict scrutiny of the men of their family | Need to know | 44 | |
| 3742368585 | However, compared to women in ancient Greece, Roman women probably had more freedom, with some economic rights | Need to know | 45 | |
| 3742368586 | With expansion came the issue of how to incorporate conquered people into the republic. Some gained Roman citizenship, wealth, and respect through military accomplishments, but others were taking as slaves | Need to know | 46 | |
| 3742368587 | Romans borrowed heavily from Greeks in philosophy, science, and the arts | Need to know | 47 | |
| 3742368588 | The concept of precedent, they believe that equity among all citizens should be the goal of the legal system, interpretation of the law, and natural law | What were some legal inventions of the Romans? | 48 | |
| 3742368589 | The Romans tended to value the practical more then the philosophical | Need to know | 49 | |
| 3742368590 | Roman roads were built for marching armies and facilitating trade, and great aqueducts were built to carry water to the urban areas. Roman genius was on matched with the task was to solve practical problems | Need to know | 50 | |
| 3742368591 | Reasons for the decline of room or numerous, and in most ways it was a slow process. A common problem of all the large empires was defense of a very long border, far from the capital city | Need to know | 51 | |
| 3742368592 | By the early fifth century, Rome itself was sacked by the Visigoths, and the last Roman emperor was doing posed in 476 CE | Need to know | 52 | |
| 3771494589 | Warring States Period | A time of political turmoil, with the regional warlords constantly challenging the authority of the Zhou | 53 | |
| 3771494590 | Legalism, Daoism, and Confucianism | The warring states period resulted in the origins of these three influential belief systems | 54 | |
| 3771494591 | Dao | Meaning the "path" | 55 | |
| 3771494592 | Shi Huangdi | Declared himself the first Emperor of China | 56 | |
| 3771494593 | Shi Huangdi stripped the nobility of power and divided China into administrative provinces governed by administrators of that served at his pleasure | Need to know | 57 | |
| 3771494594 | Roads, subjects, and public works | Shi Huangdi built ________, and also forced his _________ to contribute their labor to build ________, including the first fortifications of the Great Wall of China | 58 | |
| 3771494595 | Laws and Currencies | Shi Huangdi standardized | 59 | |
| 3771494596 | Although they kept many of the structures created by Shi Huangdi, the Han de-emphasized legalism in favor of a government based on Confucian values | Need to know | 60 | |
| 3771494597 | Han Wudi | Issued a royal decree that required Nobles to divide their land between all their sons so that large estates would be broken up | 61 | |
| 3771494598 | The emperor's appointees expanded their authority at the expense of local lords and centralized power in the central government, sometimes going so far as to confiscate land in the name of the emperor | Need to know | 62 | |
| 3771494599 | Shi | Sometimes called mandarins | 63 | |
| 3771494600 | Despite the importance of trade to the empires' prosperity, merchants did not have a high social status. Instead, the highest regard was for the Shi, or the scholar bureaucrats | Need to know | 64 | |
| 3771494601 | A university was founded in the Xi'an to educate young scholars to prepare them for jobs in the bureaucracy, and an examination system will set up in the last century B.C.E. to help the government to identify the best candidates for the bureaucracy | Need to know | 65 | |
| 3771494602 | Theoretically, any Chinese man could take the exams, but only the sons of the wealthy had the leisure to study for them, so the bureaucracy was generally filled from aristocratic and scholar gentry families | Need to know | 66 | |
| 3771494603 | The scholar gentry, ordinary but free citizens, and the underclass | Three main social classes in Han China | 67 | |
| 3771494604 | Skilled artisans were in high demand, and most probably lived more comfortable lives then the peasants, although their social status was not high | Need to know | 68 | |
| 3771494605 | Han China set up and examination system that measured a young person's knowledge of Confucian texts, and only those that passed the exams could work in certain positions in the emperors government | Need to know | 69 | |
| 3771494606 | Women at all social levels remained subordinated to men | Need to know | 70 | |
| 3771494607 | Practical scientific experimentation than theory | What were the Chinese more drawn to? | 71 | |
| 3771494608 | Official corruption and inefficiency marred the governments ability to effectively rule, and peasant uprisings destabilized many parts of the empire | Need to know | 72 | |
| 3771494609 | Caste | A social class of hereditary and usually unchangeable status | 73 | |
| 3771494610 | In India by Portuguese merchants and Mariners | When and where was the caste system first used? | 74 | |
| 3771494611 | Aryans | Who used the term Varna? | 75 | |
| 3771494612 | Varna | A Sanskrit word meaning color, to referred to their social classes | 76 | |
| 3771494613 | By about 1000 B.C.E., four major Varnas were recognized as explained in a creation myth in which a primordial creature named Purusha was sacrificed | Need to know | 77 | |
| 3771494614 | Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra | Four major Varnas | 78 | |
| 3771494615 | Brahmins | Priests and scholars | 79 | |
| 3771494616 | Kshatriya | Warriors and government officials | 80 | |
| 3771494617 | Vaishya | Landowners, merchants, and artisans | 81 | |
| 3771494618 | Shudra | Peasants and laborers | 82 | |
| 3771494619 | Jati | Birth groups each with its own occupation, duties, and rituals | 83 | |
| 3771494620 | Vedas | Religious texts that were passed down from generation to generation of Aryans in the form of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the Aryan gods | 84 | |
| 3771494621 | Rig Veda | Compiled between about 1400 and 900 B.C.E., but was not written down until about 600 B.C.E. | 85 | |
| 3771494622 | Upanishads | Appeared in the late Vedic Age about 800 to 400 B.C.E. | 86 | |
| 3771494623 | Dravidians | Over the years the Aryan religion blended with beliefs of the | 87 | |
| 3771494624 | Hinduism | The religion of most people that live today in the Indian subcontinent | 88 | |
| 3771494625 | Ashoka | The third greatest ruler of the Mauryan Dynasty | 89 | |
| 3771494626 | Theatre State | The art of awing subjects into remaining loyal to the ruling family | 90 | |
| 3771494627 | Theatre State | A technique used by both the Persians and the Gupta | 91 | |
| 3771494628 | The Gupta did not build a genuine bureaucracy to rule their subjects, but instead were content to draw tribute from them, allowing regional warrior elites a great deal of autonomy to rule their areas | Need to know | 92 | |
| 3771494629 | Silk Road, the Indian Ocean trade, and the Saharan trade | Three large trade networks that developed in the eastern hemisphere between 300 B.C.E. and 600 C.E. | 93 | |
| 3771494630 | The stirrup | Was probably invented in what is now northern Afghanistan, and warriors in many places realized what an advantage it was | 94 | |
| 3771494631 | Silk Road | Oh wow not only goods to travel, but also ideas, customs, and religions, such as Christianity and Buddhism | 95 | |
| 3771494632 | The Huns | During the late fourth century CE this nomadic group began and aggressive westward migration from their homeland in Central Asia | 96 | |
| 3771494633 | The Bantu | They traveled for centuries all over sub-Saharan Africa, but retained many of their customs, including their language | 97 | |
| 3771494634 | Agriculture, iron metallurgy, and the Bantu language | What did the Bantu's introduce to sub-Saharan Africa | 98 | |
| 3771494635 | Attacks by nomadic groups, serious internal problems, and the problems of interdependence | What were some common reasons of the fall of great empires? | 99 | |
| 3805217020 | Polytheism | The belief in many gods, with each God having a specialty, usually related to nature | 100 | |
| 3805244320 | Earth mother | Early farmers often centered on a deity believed to be the source of new life, an all powerful male Sky God and divinities representing fire, wind, and rain | 101 | |
| 3805244321 | Universalizing religions | With the cores of beliefs that transcend cultures and actively recruit new adherents | 102 | |
| 3805244322 | Universalizing religion | New sources of societal glue that would hold broad areas with varying political allegiances together | 103 | |
| 3805244323 | Hebrew Bible | Information about the Hebrews comes partly from archaeological excavations and references and contemporary documents from Egypt and Assyria, but mainly from this | 104 | |
| 3805334406 | Abraham | The founder of Judaism | 105 | |
| 3805334407 | Diaspora | A scattering of their people by the conquerors, which spread them too many parts of the earth | 106 | |
| 3805334408 | Zoroastrianism | Religion of the Persian empire | 107 | |
| 3805334409 | Jesus of Nazareth | The founder of Christianity | 108 | |
| 3805334410 | Edict of Milan in 313 | Announced the official toleration of Christianity as faith | 109 | |
| 3805334411 | Although early Christians were persecuted, the Emperor Constantine issued the edict of Milan in 313, which announced the official toleration of Christianity as faith. Constantine became a Christian himself, probably on his deathbed, and thereafter all emperors in the east and west were Christians. In 381, the emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of Rome, too late to serve as a new glue for the crumbling empire, but in time to preserve Christianity as a faith that would help to organize the chaos when political power failed | Need to know | 110 | |
| 3805334412 | Hinduism | Most of it's 800 million adherents live in India | 111 | |
| 3805334413 | The early religions of the Aryans and Dravidians | What did Hinduism blend with? | 112 | |
| 3805334414 | Most eastern religions, including Hinduism | Emphasize a universal spirit that is responsible for what occurs in the universe and encompasses all of humankind | 113 | |
| 3805334415 | Atman | All human souls, each called this, are actually pieces of the spirit that are trapped in physical bodies | 114 | |
| 3805334416 | Karma | Each person has a Destiny | 115 | |
| 3805334417 | Dharma | A set of duties that the individual must fulfill | 116 | |
| 3805334418 | Vedas | The doctrines of Hinduism stem from the | 117 | |
| 3805334419 | Vedas | Epic poems song by priests that were originally written down, the most significant is the rig | 118 | |
| 3805334420 | Mahabharata | The world's longest poem | 119 | |
| 3805334421 | Bhagavad-Gita | A segment of the Mahabharata about the warrior Arjuna | 120 | |
| 3805334422 | Arjuna | Drove to treat other human beings well, while fulfilling his Dharma | 121 | |
| 3805334423 | Moral guidelines for Hindus | All of the poems provide | 122 | |
| 3805334424 | Siddhartha Gautama | A member of the Kshatriya caste who abandoned his privilege log to seek the meaning of life | 123 | |
| 3805334425 | Buddha | Enlightened one | 124 | |
| 3805334426 | Nirvana | Union where the universal spirit, which offers release from human suffering | 125 | |
| 3805334427 | The Buddha also taught that nirvana can be reached through an understanding of the four Noble truths and the eight fold path, not through reincarnations from one task to another | Need to know | 126 | |
| 3805334428 | All of life is suffering, all suffering is caused by a desire for things that ultimately won't fulfill us, desire can only be overcome by ending all desire, desire can only be ended by following the eight fold path | Four Noble truths | 127 | |
| 3805334429 | Eightfold Path | They all involve right thinking and acting | 128 | |
| 3805334430 | It's message is that through self discipline, anyone can achieve satisfaction in life | Why does Buddhism have a broad appeal? | 129 | |
| 3805334431 | Confucius | Was a middle level bureaucrat in the Chinese government who's wisdom's became more celebrated after his death then they were while he was still alive | 130 | |
| 3805367107 | Analects | His followers compiled his teachings into | 131 | |
| 3805367108 | The model of the Chinese family | What did Confucius bass his philosophy on? | 132 | |
| 3805367109 | If everyone within these five relationships behaves as he or she should, society would be ideally harmonious, and such political and social turmoil as occurred during the warring states period, could never happen again | Need to know | 133 | |
| 3805367110 | Xiao, Ren, Li | Confucian teachings rest on three essential values | 134 | |
| 3805367111 | Xiao | Devotion of the individual to family and the strong ties that hold families together | 135 | |
| 3805367112 | Ren | Kindness and benevolence | 136 | |
| 3805367113 | Li | Respect and reciprocity in relationships | 137 | |
| 3805367114 | Daoism | Encourages them to retreat from society and develop a reflective and introspective consciousness | 138 | |
| 3805367115 | Dao | The way of nature, for a force that is not necessarily good or bad, but is inevitable, the path | 139 | |
| 3805367116 | Laozi emphasized the wise man's individual search for the meanings of life through following the Dao | Need to know | 140 |
