--> -->

AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP World History - Unit 2 Flashcards

Bentley Unit Two - chapters 7 - 12

Terms : Hide Images
4942080783CyrusFounder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. He allowed the Jews to return to their homeland0
4942080784DariusPersian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage.1
4942080786Xerxesson of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C and was eventually defeated2
4942080788Alexander the GreatSuccessor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement3
4942080789PersianOf or relating to Iran or its people or language or culture4
4942080790ZarathustraChief prophet of the Ancient Persian religion known as Zoroastrianism, which influenced Jewish and later Christian belief5
4942080793Satrapsunder Darius's rule these were known as governors who ruled the provinces. They collected taxes, served as judges, and put down rebellions6
4942080795Persian WarsConflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)7
4942080799QanutUnderground canal8
4942080800Ahura MazdaMain god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit angra mainyu.9
4942080801Angra Mainyuevil spirit in zoroastrianism, the explanation for the presence of evil in the world10
4942080802AvestaThe sacred text of Zoroastrianism, which includes the very old hymns known as the Gathas, along with more recent material.11
4942080803ConfuciusChinese philosphere and teacher; his belifs,known as confusoinism greatly influenced chinese life12
4942080804Analectsa collection of excerpts from a literary work13
4942080805Mencius(371?-289 BCE), Chinese philosopher, who studied Confucianism. He later refined many of the ideas and spread them across China. He wrote the Analects14
4942080806LaoziChinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature.15
4942080807Qin ShihuangdiRuler of China who united China for the first time. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing.16
4942080808Han WudiThe most important Han Emperor: expanded the Empire in all directions; created the Civil Service System based upon Confucian learning; established Imperial University; promoted the Silk Roads17
4942080809ConfucianismThe system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.18
4942080810DaoismChinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.19
4942080811LegalismIn China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)20
4942080812Qin DynastyThe dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country.21
4942080813Han dynastyA great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles. Han rulers chose officials on merit rather than birth. It was a time of prosperity22
4942080815Yellow Turban UprisingLarge revolt throughout China during the Han dynasty led by desperate peasants wearing yellow turbans. This uprising tested the resilience of the Han state during the late second century CE. It weakened the Han state during the second and third centuries CE. Leads to fall of Han Dynasty23
4942080816Chandragupta MauryaHe founded India's first empire (Mauryan). He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.24
4942080817AshokaThe grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire.25
4942080818Chandra GuptaLaid the foundations for the Gupta empire, he forged alliances with powerful families in the Ganges Region and established a dynamic kingdom about the year 320 C.E. Golden Age26
4942080819Siddhartha Gautamafounder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha27
4942080820Mauryan EmpireThe first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184)28
4942080821Kushan EmpireRuled central Asia to Northern India, important in spreading Buddhism to Chinese, took control of the Silk Road route.29
4942080822Gupta EmpirePowerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Golden Age30
4942080823White HunsNomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration31
4942080824Buddhisma world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire32
4942080825Bhagavad GitaThe most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.33
4942080826Homerancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)34
4942080827PericlesAthenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece35
4942080828SocratesGreek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth36
4942080829PlatoStudent of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society37
4942080830AristotleGreek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system.38
4942080831Minoan societyInhabited the island of Crete (major city: Knossos); around 2200 B.C.E. they acted as the center of maritime trade in the Mediterranean; used Linear A, an undecipherable syllabic alphabet; through a series of both natural disasters (1700 B.C.E.) and foreign invaders, were conquered by 1100 B.C.E.39
4942080832Mycenaean societyIndo-European invaders descend through Balkans into Peloponnesus c. 2200 B.C.E.; influenced by Minoan society; had a major settlement in Mycenae; used a syllabic alphabet called Linear B (evolved form of Linear A); inhabited Greece, Crete, Anatolia, Sicily, and Italy; c. 1200 B.C.E., engaged in conflicts with Troy40
4942080833Trojan WarA war, fought around 1200 B.C., in which an army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of Troy in Anatolia41
4942080834polisGreek word for city-state42
4942080835SpartaGreek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts43
4942080836Persian WarKing Darius of Persia wanted to conquer all of the Greek city-states but Athens and Sparta resisted. Greek city-states vs. Persia - Greek city-states won. Athens emerged as most powerful city state in Greece.44
4942080837Delian LeagueAn alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians45
4942080838Peloponnesian Wara war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta46
4942080839Hellenistic AgeGreek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.47
4942080844Julius CaesarMade dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power48
4942080845Augustus CaesarThe first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace49
4942080846CiceroRome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers50
4942080847EtruscansBeginning in the 700s BCE,first rulers of Roman Republic and Empire; Laid the foundation for Rome and Roman civilization51
4942080848Punic Warone of the three wars between Carthage and Rome that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome52
4942080849Twelve tablesthe earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law53
4942080850PatriciansA member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies.54
4942080851PlebeiansMembers of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders55
4942080853Pax RomanaA period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.56
4942080854ConstantineEmperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)57
4942080855Silk roadsTrade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire58
4942080857Edict of MilanIssued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire59
4942080858Council of Nicaea(325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time such as the issue of the Trinity60

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!

-->