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| 5061121782 | What were the 4 major dynasties in Persia? | 1. Achaemenids (558-330 BCE) 2. Seleucids (323-83 BCE) 3. Parthians (247 BCE-224 CE) 4. Sasanids (224-651 CE) | 0 | |
| 5061127947 | What started the Achaemenid empire? | Migrations of Indo-Europeans (Medes and Persians from Asia, Before 1000 BCE) | 1 | |
| 5061131887 | Founder of Achaemenid empire | Cyrus (r. 558-530 BCE) -"Cyrus the Shepherd" -Capital pasargadae | 2 | |
| 5061135827 | the Achaemenid empire recieved its peak under this leader | Darius (r. 521-486 BCE) -ruled Indus to the Aegean -Capital persepolis | 3 | |
| 5061138947 | Achaemenid administration and economy (incl. who divisions were lead by) | -23 divisons, lead by *Satraps* -system of king's spies, suprise check-ins (minimal possibility of local rebellion) -standard currency for tax purposes, trade with India and Egypt | 4 | |
| 5061147574 | Qanat | system of underground canals, which avoided excessive loss to evaporation | 5 | |
| 5061149853 | Persian Royal Road | -1600 mi long, some paved, connected distant regions of the empire, courier service | 6 | |
| 5061152510 | Policy of Tolerance under these leaders in Achaem. empire | Cyrus and Darius (rebuilding of temple in Jerusalem) (NOT under Xerxes) | 7 | |
| 5061154453 | Xerxes | -Son of Darius (r. 486-465 BCE) -Harshly repressed rebellions in Mesopot. and Egypt -increased public disconnect | 8 | |
| 5061159105 | Persian Wars | -Greeks vs. Persians -started with rebellious greeks in Ionia, them peninsular greeks joined in -Persians defeated at Marathon (490 BCE) -Greeks defeated at Thermopylae (480 BCE) -Xerxes intolerence then lead to more rebellions -Alexander the Great steps in and conquers the Achaemenid empire, burns persepolis then dies suddenly | 9 | |
| 5061191109 | After Alexander defeats the Achaemenid empire then dies, the empire... | Is divided up 3 ways by Alex's generals, into Seleucids, Parthians, and Sansanids | 10 | |
| 5061192673 | Seleucids (323-83 BCE) | -kept Achea systems -Hellenism; encouraged greek colonies into new cities, spread greek culture -native persians resisted greek rulers -lost land to India and Parthians, ended by Romans | 11 | |
| 5061193653 | Parthians (247 BCE-224 CE) | -kept Satraps, taxes and administration, steppe traditions -raised large horses and skilled horsemen -resisted seleucids, then defeated them | 12 | |
| 5061193654 | Sansanids (224-651 CE) | -claimed decendence from Achae. -defeats Pathians in 224 CE -recreated early Achae. splendor -defeated by Islamic invaders | 13 | |
| 5061209335 | Steppe traditions (perisan society) | -warriors, priests, peasants -family/clan kinship very important -Imperial Bureaucrats (tax collectors, record keepers, translators) | 14 | |
| 5061215130 | Classes in Persian society | -free class -slave class (prisonners of war, debtors, children/spouses sold into slavery), domestic servitude | 15 | |
| 5061222017 | Zarathustra | -influenced by Aryans -prophet of Ahura Mazda (holy spirit) and Against Angra Mainya (destructive spirit) | 16 | |
| 5061251838 | Zoroastrianism | -priests known as *Magi* -oral teachings until *Gathas* were composed (by sansanids) -"good thoughts, good workds, good deeds" -holy book *Avesta* -good will prevail, omnipotent deity, day of judgment -encouraged material pleasure but in moderation | 17 | |
| 5061259825 | Massacre of Zoroastrianism | -under Alex: killing of magi, burning temples -weak parthians support -revival under sananids, persecution of non-zoroastrians -after Islam, most converted, some fled to India -small pop in Iran now | 18 | |
| 5061284047 | Geography of Mediterranean-Greeks | coastal, with sea trade via Mediterreranean and black sea, olives and grapes-primary crops, decentralized society as a result of geographic isolation (city-states) | 19 | |
| 5061288148 | Minoans (greek) | Crete, 2200BCE sea trade, Linear A (not translated), natural disasters and foreign domination ~1700 BCE | 20 | |
| 5061294040 | Mycenaens (greek) | -Indo-Euro invaded, Peloponessus, mixed with Minoans, Trojan War ~1200 BCE, Ends ~800 BCE | 21 | |
| 5063050533 | Polis (greek) | safe spots for refugees during the war, polis then turned into city-states with independent governments (tyrants/monarchies, republics (oligrachies)). The urban areas taxed rural areas and appropriated crops. The most significant of the polis were *athens* and *sparta* | 22 | |
| 5063060287 | Sparta | -militarized society, to control threat of rebellion by Helots -helots were the subjugated people, serfs tied to the land (slaves) outnumbered spartains 10:1 -Austerity (focus on military, not possessions) -boys taken away at age 7 to military training -marriage, but no home life till age 30 -decipline relaxed by 4th century BCE | 23 | |
| 5063071358 | Athens | -democracy, but free adult males only -class conflicts lead to social tensions | 24 | |
| 5063076424 | Athens leader : Solon | vocal leader, mediates crisis between classes -aristocrates keep large land holdings, debts forgiven and no debt slavery -removed fam. restrictions on participating in government -paid civil service | 25 | |
| 5063087575 | Athens leader: Pericles | -general (r. 461-429 BCE) -aristocratic but most popular -encouraged cultural development, science, architechture | 26 | |
| 5063096930 | Delian League | formed between polis to prevent persian attacks, Athens benefitted the most from this agreement. Other polis don't like supporting athenian construction. This lead to the peloponnesian war | 27 | |
| 5063106504 | Peloponnesian War | greek civil war (431-404 BCE) athens v. sparta and other polis take sides, athens loses to sparta's military, but conflict continues and hegemony (power) passes from polis to polis | 28 | |
| 5063121147 | Kingdom of Macedon | to the north of Peloponnesus, King Philip II (r. 359-336 BCE) builds a massive military, begins conquest, and controls greek region by 338 BCE (greeks were weak from war) | 29 | |
| 5063129104 | Alexander the Great of Macedon | -son of philip, rapidly expands through Mediterranean, conquest of Persia, troops exhausted and stop expansion in India, died in 323 BCE (probably from partying to hard) | 30 | |
| 5063146795 | Hellenistic (greek) Empires | -Seleucus (seleucid empire) gets persian empire -Antigonus gets greece and macedon -Ptolemy gets Egypt--Ptolemaic pharaohs until Rome takes over in 31 BCE (last on Cleopatra, a women) | 31 | |
| 5063191243 | Greek religion | Polytheistic, gods had human feelings, greek mythology adapted later by Romans | 32 | |
| 5063201744 | Greek Language | used Phonenician alphabet but added vowels, Linear B (not translated) | 33 | |
| 5063204387 | Greek slavery | -white slaves sold along the black sea by scythians (ukraine) -nubians (africains) sold by Egyptians -considered to be personal property, but could buy their freedom if they were talented (educated) and had funds | 34 | |
| 5063215295 | 1. Socraties (Spa) | -"the unexamined life is not worth living" -method of questioning -he "corrupted" sons of wealthy (told them there are things more important than money) was forced to drink hemlock and die or flee, he drank the poison -foundation for western philosophy and civilization | 35 | |
| 5063215296 | 2. Plato (sPa) | -student of socrates -wrote a book called the "Republic" -allegory of the cave -theory of forms *Forms or Ideas* | 36 | |
| 5063217326 | 3. Aristotle (spA) | -student of Plato -rejected theory of forms/ideas as artificial -emphasis on empirical (senses) findings -massive impact on western thought, science and religion | 37 | |
| 5063289591 | greek tragedy | -started as public cathartic rituals -major playwrights Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides--Wrote "Medea" -satiric comedy: Aristophanes | 38 | |
| 5063298821 | Hellenistic philosophies | -Epicureans: pleasures in moderation (different from Hedo.) -Skeptics: doubted possibilty of certainty in anything -Stoics: duty, virtue, emphasis on inner peace, Cicerio -Hedonists: go after pleasure without another thought | 39 | |
| 5080093018 | The Punic Wars | -Rome vs. Carthage (264-146 BCE), 3 major conflicts, Rome succeeds after long siege and burns city and takes slaves -Rome dominating mediterranean by 2nd century BCE | 40 | |
| 5080106133 | Hannibal | famous carthaginian general who lead attack on Rome using war elephants, and help off Roman troops for 15 yrs | 41 | |
| 5080113798 | Roman Law | 12 tables (449 BCE) was the 1st written code by Plebeians (common class), was able to adapt to diverse cultures (innocent till proven guilty, right to challenge accusers in court) | 42 | |
| 5080128174 | Latifundia | large plantations that created unfair competition for smaller landholders and later modeled in the "new world" | 43 | |
| 5080138840 | The Gracchi brothers (Tiberius and Gaius) | attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats, but were seen as threats to gov and were both killed (Tiberius 132 BCE and Gaius 121 BCE) -private armies formed by landless peasants that were loyal to generals and not the state | 44 | |
| 5080154691 | Roman Civil War (87-83 BCE) | due to an increasing gap between the rich and poor 1. General Marius: social reformer, put Rome under military occupation, died 86 BCE 2. General Sulla: with conservative aristocrats, created a reign of terror, died 78 BCE | 45 | |
| 5089077681 | Julius Caesar (Republic ends-empire begins, r. 46-44BCE) | Marius' nephew, with liberal policies and social reform, becomes very popular and declares himself "dictator for life". He centralizes gov't , employs the poor with mass construction, allows citizenship to provences, but killed by enemies and betrayed by friends (stabbed many times) | 46 | |
| 5089122444 | Octavian Augustus; Rome's first emperor (r. 27 BCE-14 CE) | adopted son of Julius Caesar held a monarchy disguised as a republic | 47 | |
| 5089138918 | Pax Romana: Roman peace (27BCE-180CE) | 200 years of stability and prosperity, allowed for expansion of military, roads, laws, currency, safe travels, and allowed Rome to become capital of western world | 48 | |
| 5089155691 | Roman Social Structure | -Patriarchal with parter familias (family is the man of the house's property). However, women had influence at domestic level, and owned property even though they weren't supposed to. -Slaves: better in the city, decent work and could buy freedom, or released at 30. Rural slaves however were chained, lead to rebellion lead by Spartacus in 73 BCE | 49 | |
| 5097764086 | Roman Religions of Salvation | early polytheistic; borrowed greek gods -Mithraism: strenght and courage, attracted men -Cult of Isis: attracted women | 50 | |
| 5097774162 | Jewish war | >>>>> | 51 | |
| 5097777332 | Rise of Christianity | Jesus (Christ) was born ~6BCE, and the Roman leaders felt threatened, crucified Jesus but Christians believe he rose from the dead (those who believe will spend eternal life in heaven) -holy bible made of Old (Hebrew) and New testament -*popular with the masses* | 52 | |
| 5097791161 | Paul of Tarsus | originally persecuted christians, but had a moment of enlightenment and ended up spread christian faith throughout Roman empire | 53 | |
| 5097801981 | Persecution of Christians | Christians refused to worship Roman gods, and were crucified, eaten alive, burned...in the colosseum. The persecution was ended in 312 BCE by Constatine. Under Theodosius, christianity became official religion of Rome. But Heretics (opposed official religion) were still not tolerated | 54 | |
| 5125863327 | The Qin Dynasty (221-207 BCE) | united by emperor Qin Shihuangdi, the unifier of the warring states. Ruled through a centralized bureaucracy, administrative regions, standardized coins, built roads for communication and military, and built the Great Wall. | 55 | |
| 5125883034 | Dark side of the Qin dynasty | -Shih executed scholars who criticized him, and burned books (targeted confucianists) -valued only cultivators and soldiers, not scholars -after his death public workers revolted, leading to the fall of the dynasty in 207 BCE | 56 | |
| 5125900285 | Former Han Dynasty (206 BCE-9 CE) -Liu Bang, Han Wuch | Liu Bang: First ruler, had a centralized and decentralized gov, but after a near death experience. Han Wuch (141-87 BCE): followed legalist principals, built many roads and canals, levied taxes, made a confucian-based curriculum for imperial university. "The greatest emperor" | 57 | |
| 5126013106 | Expansion of the Han Empire | -Han Wudi "colonized" N. Vietnam, central asia, and Korea -faced conflict from from nomadic Xiongnu, but Han eventually conquered them - had hegemony (political and economic power) in E. and central asia | 58 | |
| 5126212675 | Confucian Social order | -lived during Zhou, influence grew after his death (Analects) -values of Ren (kindness), li (respect), and xiao (filial piety) -hierarchal, patriarchal structure-aristocratic women: educated | 59 | |
| 5129518512 | Major social developments | Agricultural and patriarchal, pop. Growth from 20-60 million (220-9 CE) | 60 | |
| 5129525618 | Major economic and tech developments | Sericulture: high quality silk Paper: replaced silk and bamboo for writing Iron: improved weapons | 61 | |
| 5129543254 | Major cultural developments | Confucian: huge influence Buddhism: introduced into china--spread to Central Asia | 62 | |
| 5129544874 | Han economic and social problems | Expeditions used surplus food--taxes raised, land confiscated---investment in manufacturing and trade declined---increased gap between rich and poor--land problems | 63 | |
| 5129564203 | Han changing leadership | Wang Mang (r. 9-23 CE), the "socialist emperor", tried to break up estates and divide land, but overthrown with revolts from famine (weathers fault, not his) | 64 | |
| 5129580924 | later Han dynasty | Emperors regain control, but land distribution problems lead to peasant *yellow turban uprisings*(184 CE) -Han collapses in 220 CE due to too many factions at court (imperial family, scholars, eunuchs..) -2000 eunuchs killed, and empire dissolves -china is divided into regional kingdoms | 65 | |
| 5162283427 | India: Mauryan Dynasty (320s-185 BCE) | -Chandragupta Maurya unifies N. India and expanded through wars of conquest -was advised by Kautalya, policies recorded in Arthashastra -gave up throne to be a Jain Monk | 66 | |
| 5162304527 | Ashoka (r. 268-232 BCE) | brings Maurya to its height, expanded, converted to Buddhism after very bloody war. "Ashoka's rock" and pillar edicts based on Buddhist principles inscribed on huge stone pillars | 67 | |
| 5162314107 | Mauryan decline | economic crisis after Ashoka's death--regional kingdoms | 68 | |
| 5162318479 | Gupta dynasty | founded by Chandra Gupta (320-335 CE), smaller than Mauryan, decentralized gov't, emphasis on studies in math and science, decline due to nomadic invasions (white Huns) | 69 | |
| 5162328985 | Gupta achievements, economics, social life | -astronomy (earth is round, solar calendar), math (zero, pi) , medicine (plastic surgery) -trade by sea and land (persian roads, silk road) -patriarchal increases (child marriages, cast system expands) | 70 | |
| 5162346565 | Buddhism | Buddha saw the 4 signs (age, sick, death, inner peace), meditated and had 4 absorptions (removed senses, deep concentration, consciousness, discovered truths), 4 truths (all life is suffering, desire causes suffering, no more desire-no more suffering, end of suffering is to follow eightfold path), eightfold path leads to reaching Nirvana, a state of eternal peace (similar to Moksha--Hindu) | 71 | |
| 5169143417 | Jainism | concern for all living beings, Ahimsa: Principal of extreme nonviolence, too extreme to become a big movement | 72 | |
| 5169163267 | Appeal of Buddhism | Ashoka's conversion supports Buddhist institution and missionaries, religion spread through trade, esp. China and SE Asia -strict vs. Mahayana Buddhism (more could be saved) | 73 | |
| 5169176881 | Popular hinduism | -epics (Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana, Mahabharata, emphasis on Vishu) -gradually replaces buddhism in India | 74 | |
| 5169223063 | the silk roads | overland (china and rome), sea trade (mediterranean, Asia and Africa)--silk significant good, also ivory, rhino horns, slaves, salt and gold | 75 | |
| 5170770595 | Syncretism | hinduism blends with Buddhism in SE Asia | 76 | |
| 5170777647 | Christianity | Missionaries, Nestorian-emphasized human and divine Jesus are distinct and separate, 5th c. CE (central Asia, India, China by 7th C | 77 | |
| 5170820215 | Biological Exchange | epidemic disease in Rome and Chine causes population decline of 1/4 from 1-10 c. CE -small pox, measles, bubonic plague -small regional economies emerged | 78 | |
| 5197897229 | Fall of Roman, Han and Gupta empires: common themes | -nomadic invasions -disease -economic and social dislocation -selfish elites and more of ordinary people defending | 79 | |
| 5197916464 | Roman empire falls and becomes... | Byzantine empire in the E. -"barracks emperors"--localization -Diocletian divided empire into E and W tetrarchy, then died and civil war began -New capitol Constantinople, lasted until 1453 | 80 | |
| 5197987364 | Roman invasions and invaders | -Germanic invasions and migrations -Visigoth adopt Roman law, eventually sack Rome -East Roman empire survives | 81 | |
| 5198012830 | St. Augustine | reconciles christianity with platonic philosophy | 82 | |
| 5198034482 | The orthodox church | -bishop of Rome towards top of hierarchy (pope) -Council of Nicea -jesus in human and divine, rejected nestorians and arians -*Christian church is cultural "glue" in west* | 83 |
