AP World History Unit 2 flashcards for use when studying for the final.
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| 1225571518 | Sui Dynasty | The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China | 0 | |
| 1225571519 | Tang Dynasty | Dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria. Technology and Arts flourished | 1 | |
| 1225571520 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. | 2 | |
| 1225571521 | Annam | China held Annam for 1,000 years when they were conquered by the Han, then became Vietnamese | 3 | |
| 1225571522 | Shinto | The native religion and former ethnic cult of Japan that whorships nature. It coexists with Buddhism in Japan | 4 | |
| 1225571523 | Celts | Early inhabitants of Britain, who were conquered by Romans | 5 | |
| 1225571524 | Goths | An array of Germanic people- distinguished by their German language and residence- settled in northern Europe outside the Celtic and Roman strongholds. They had grown tired of being subordinate to them and fought back and had a hand in Rome's decline | 6 | |
| 1225571525 | Justinian I | Byzantine emperor who built the Haiga Sophia; his reign was a turning point for Christianity: paganism finally lost. He tried to restore territories to the Western Roman Empire but ultimately failed. | 7 | |
| 1225571526 | Justinian Code | The body of Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor, Justinian around A.D. 534. | 8 | |
| 1225571527 | Iconociasm | 726 CE. The iconoclastic controversy was the bitter battle over the use of images, or icons, in Christian worship as a response to the Arab invasions. An Iconoclast is an "image breaker" or a person who rejects the veneration of icons because its idolatrous. | 9 | |
| 1225571528 | Orthodoxy | Acceptance of common faith | 10 | |
| 1225571529 | Caroligian | Was the Royal Family ruling the Franks. (Charlemagne's family) | 11 | |
| 1225571531 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, Great patron of literature and learning, threatened conquered people with conversion to Christianity or death | 12 | |
| 1225571533 | Carolingian Renaissance | Period of intellectual, cultural, and economic revival occurring in the late eighth and ninth centuries, with the peak of the activities occurring during the reign of Charlemagne | 13 | |
| 1225571535 | Quran | The sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | 14 | |
| 1225571537 | Mecca | The holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace | 15 | |
| 1225571539 | Ka'aba | A rectangular building that housed a cubical black stone structure. It is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine | 16 | |
| 1225571541 | Hajj | A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims | 17 | |
| 1225571543 | Jihad | Sacred struggle, often called the "sixth pillar" of Islam. It could be a war to preserve and extend Islam or a personal call to the individual , internal, spiritual struggle to live Islam as fully as possible | 18 | |
| 1225571545 | Dar al-Islam | "The abode of Islam." The land of Islam, or the territories in which Islam and its religious laws (shari'a) may be freely practiced. | 19 | |
| 1225571547 | Hijra | Muhammad's "migration" or flight from Mecca, where his life was in danger, to Medina where he was welcomed as a potential leader in 622 BC | 20 | |
| 1225571549 | Sunni | One of the two main branches of orthodox Islam. Felt that the Caliph should be chosen from the Ummayyad and believed in the importace of the Umma in making political decisions | 21 | |
| 1225571552 | Shi'a | One of the two main branches of orthodox Islam. Felt that Caliph should stay in the Prophet's family and stressed religious purity | 22 | |
| 1225571554 | Ali | Prophet Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law; a leading figure in the Shi'a branch of Islam | 23 | |
| 1225571555 | Imam | Muslim prayer leader | 24 | |
| 1225571557 | Mahdi | Arabic word meaning "the right guided one." A messianic leader who will appear to restore justice, truth, and religion for a brief period before the Day of Judgement | 25 | |
| 1225571559 | Muhammed | The prophet and founder of Islam | 26 | |
| 1225571561 | Hadith | Traditional records of the deeds and utterances of the prophet Muhammad, and the basis, after the Quran, for Islamic theology and law. It's the stories of Muhammad's life, words, and deeds. | 27 | |
| 1225571563 | Ummayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca, this clan is Uthman's family. Called themselves Sunnis. "Umma" is a community of believers in Islam, which transcends ethnic and political boundaries. | 28 | |
| 1225571565 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.They used Arabic to unify heterogeneous people and were able to solve administrative problems of large empires | 29 | |
| 1225571567 | Fatamids | Claimed to be the rightful successors of the Prophet, conquered Egypt and much of northern Africa, broke with Baghdad., and Abbasid state dissolved. | 30 | |
| 1225571569 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from Central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in the name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century; able to restore political initiative to the much reduced caliphate; ended threat of Shi'a conquest | 31 | |
| 1225571571 | Ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238) | 32 | |
| 1225571573 | Sufis | A mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life | 33 | |
| 1225571575 | Delhi Sultanate | A Muslim leader of Ghur who defeated Hindu armies made Delhi, the third largest city of India, his capital. Also, a series of sultans that controlled Northern India. | 34 | |
| 1225571577 | Ghana | First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. | 35 | |
| 1225571579 | Mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. | 36 | |
| 1225571580 | Sundiata | The founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes | 37 | |
| 1225571581 | Mansa Musa | A Mali king who brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west Africa | 38 | |
| 1225571582 | Dhimmi | "People of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists | 39 | |
| 1225571583 | Crusade | Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims during the 11-13th centuries | 40 | |
| 1225571584 | Caliph | Successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims | 41 | |
| 1225571585 | Abu Bakr | First muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death. | 42 | |
| 1225571586 | Free Market Economy | Capitalism, private ownership law of supply and demand. Demand & competition set the prices & supplies of goods in this type of economy. | 43 | |
| 1225571587 | Tenochititlan | Aztec capital in Mexico | 44 | |
| 1225571588 | Sahel | Belt south of the Sahara; literally 'coastland' in Arabic. (p. 215) | 45 | |
| 1225571589 | Songhay | Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali | 46 | |
| 1225571590 | Axum | Major trade center, perfect location along Red Sea, conquered Nubia, converted to Christianity | 47 | |
| 1225571591 | Great Zimbabwe | A powerful southeast African city, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state., | 48 | |
| 1225571592 | Jong | A friend, often used in direct address | 49 | |
| 1225571593 | Marco Polo | Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade. | 50 | |
| 1225571594 | Song Dynasty | The imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279; noted for art and literature and philosophy and great accomplishments | 51 | |
| 1225571595 | Pax Mongolica | "Mongol Peace" used to describe the eased communication and commerce the unified administration helped to create | 52 | |
| 1225571596 | Ibn Battuta | (1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period. | 53 | |
| 1225571597 | Temujin/ Chinggis Khan | Genghis Khan's birthname, Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world. | 54 | |
| 1225571598 | Black Death | An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of people | 55 | |
| 1225571599 | Kublai Khan | Mongol ruler, he completed the conquest of China and founded the Yuan dynasty (Gehngis Kahn's grandson) | 56 | |
| 1225571600 | Vikings | Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries. | 57 | |
| 1225571601 | Leif Ericksson | Viking king known for exploration pf Iceland, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. (First European to land on North America) | 58 | |
| 1225571602 | Willliam the Conqueror | William, duke of Normany, conquered England | 59 | |
| 1225571603 | Battle of Lepanto | A naval battle fought between a Spanish and Venetian fleet and the German navy. The Spanish won. The battle meant that European navies ahd surpassed the Muslims. The Turks could no longer challenge Europeans on international routes. | 60 | |
| 1225571604 | Guilds | Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests | 61 | |
| 1225571605 | Feudalism | A political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service | 62 |
