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| 3100856516 | The Medes and the Persians | The Medes and Persians spoke Indo-European languages, and their movements were part of the larger Indo- European migrations. |  | 0 |
| 3100856517 | Cyrus | Cyrus came from a mountainous region of Southwestern Iran, and in reference to the region's economy, his contemporaries often called him Cyrus the Shepard. |  | 1 |
| 3100856518 | Cyrus's Conquests | 558 B.C.E.- King of the Persian tribes; 553 B.C.E.- Rebellion against his Median overload; 548 B.C.E. - Brought all of Iran under his control; 546 B.C.E.- conquered the powerful kingdom of Lydia in Anatolia; Between 545 B.C.E. and 539 B.C.E.- He campaigned in central Asia and Afghanistan |  | 2 |
| 3100856519 | Darius | Darius was more important as an administrator than as a conqueror. He intended Persepolis to serve not only as an administrative center but also a monument to the Achaemenid dynasty. |  | 3 |
| 3100856520 | Persepolis | Structures at Persepolis included vast reception halls, lavish royal residences, and a well- protected treasury. |  | 4 |
| 3100856521 | Achaemid Administration: The Satrapies | The government of the Achaemenid empire depended on a finely tuned balance between central initiative and local administration. The Achaemenid rulers made great claims to authority in their official rule. |  | 5 |
| 3100856522 | Taxes, Coins, and Laws | Darius sought to improve administrative efficiency by regularizing tax levies and standardizing laws. They believed that gifts did not provide a consistent and reliable source of income for rulers who needed to finance a large bureaucracy and army. |  | 6 |
| 3100856523 | Roads and Communications | They built good roads across their realm, notably the so-called Persian Royal Road- parts of it paved with stone- that stretched some 2,575 kilometers from the aegean port of Ephesus to Sardis in Anatolia, through Mesopotamia along the Tigris river to Susa in Iran. |  | 7 |
| 3100856524 | The Achaemenid Commonwealth | The Achaemenid's roads and administrative machinery enabled them to govern a vast empire and extend Persian influences throughout their territories. Achaemenid empire maintained their ethnic identities, but all participated in a larger Persian commonwealth. |  | 8 |
| 3100856525 | The Persian Wars | The Achaemenids had an especially difficult time with her ethnic Greek subjects, and efforts to control the Greeks helped to bring about the collapse of the Achaemenid empire. |  | 9 |
| 3100856526 | Alexander of Macedon | In 334 B.C.E. Alexander invaded Persia with an army of some forty-eight thousand tough, battle-hardened Macedonians. |  | 10 |
| 3100856527 | The Seleucids | Like Alexander, Seleucus and his successors retained the Achaemenid systems of administration and taxation as well as the imperial roads and postal services. |  | 11 |
| 3100856528 | The Parthians | The Parthians established themselves as lords of a powerful empire based in Iran that they extended to wealthy Mesopotamia. The Parthians had occupied the region of eastern Iran around Khusrasan since Achaemenid times. |  | 12 |
| 3100856529 | Parthian Conquests | The Parthian satrap revolted against his Seleucid overlord in 238 B.C.E., and during the following decades his successors gradually enlarged their holdings. Mithradates I, the Parthian's greatest conqueror, came to the throne about 171 B.C.E. and transformed his state into a mighty empire. |  | 13 |
| 3100856530 | Parthian Government | The Parthians largely followed the example of the Achaemenid techniques of administration and taxation, and built a capital city at Ctesiphon on the Euphrates River near modern Baghdad. |  | 14 |
| 3100856531 | The Sasanids | The Sasanids stabilized their western frontier and created a series of buffer states between themselves and the Roman empire. |  | 15 |
| 3100856532 | Imperial Bureaucrats | The bureaucrats crucial role in running the day-to-day affairs of the empire guaranteed them a prominent and comfortable place in Persian society. |  | 16 |
| 3100856533 | Free Classes | The free classes in the cities are Artisans, craftsmen, merchants, and low- ranking civil servants. Free classes participated in religious observances conducted at local temples. |  | 17 |
| 3100856534 | Slaves | A slave is a person who is legally owned by someone else and has no personal freedom. |  | 18 |
| 3100856535 | Agriculture Production | Peas, lentils, mustard, garlic, onion, cucumbers, dates, apples, pomegranates, pears, and apricots supplemented the cereals in diets throughout Persian society. |  | 19 |
| 3100856536 | Trade | The availability of good trade routes, including long-established routes, newly constructed highways such as the Sea. |  | 20 |
| 3100856537 | Zarathustra | A historical person and the subject of many early stories, little certain information survives about his life and career. |  | 21 |
| 3100856538 | The Gathas | Many of Zarathustra 's own composition survive, since magi preserved them with special diligence through oral transmission is known as the Gathas. |  | 22 |
| 3100856539 | Zoroastrian Teachings | Not strictly monotheistic, six slightly more minor deities, Ahura Mazda was supreme god |  | 23 |
| 3100856540 | Popularity of Zoroastrianism | Zarathustra's teachings began to attract large numbers of followers during the 6th century B.C.E., particular among Persian aristocrats and ruling elites. |  | 24 |
| 3100856541 | Officially Sponsored Zoroastrianism | Zoroastrianism experienced a revival. He proclaimed to be the heir of Achaemenids, the Sasanids identified closely with Zoroastrianism. Therefore he became the "sponsor." |  | 25 |
| 3100856542 | Other Faiths | Cosmopolitan characters of the Persian realm offered it opportunitie to influence other religious faiths. |  | 26 |
| 3100856543 | Influence of Zoroastrianism | While foreign faiths influenced religious developments in classical Persian Societies Zoroanastrianism also left its mark of the other religions of salvation. | | 27 |
| 3100856544 | Confucius | The first Chinese thinker who addressed the problem of political and social order. |  | 28 |
| 3100856545 | Confucian Ideas | He served as a educator as well as a politcial advisor. He attracted several disiplines. |  | 29 |
| 3100856546 | Confucian Values | He valued being kind, courteous, respectful,loyalty, and being diligent |  | 30 |
| 3100856547 | Mencius | Mencius was the most learned man of his age and the principal spokesman for for the confucion school. |  | 31 |
| 3100856548 | Xunzi | He was a man of immense learning, but unlike his predessors, he also served for many years as a government admin. |  | 32 |
| 3100856549 | Laozi and the Daeodejing | Daoism was said to be created by the sage Laozi and Daodejing which of the setter of basic beliefs |  | 33 |
| 3100856550 | The Dao | Dao meaning ''the way" as in the way of nature. |  | 34 |
| 3100856551 | The Doctrine of Wuwei | The trait that Daoists believed to be there chief values. |  | 35 |
| 3100856552 | Political Implications of Daosim | By encouraging the devlopment of a reflective and introspective consciousness. It served as a counterbalance to activism. |  | 36 |
| 3100856553 | Shang Yang | He was the chief minister to the duke of the Qin state in western China. |  | 37 |
| 3100856554 | Han Feizi | A student scholar of the great confucious teacher Xunzi |  | 38 |
| 3100856555 | Legalist Doctrine | Shang Yan, Han feizi, and other legalists reasoned with the foundations of a state's strength. |  | 39 |
| 3100856556 | The Kingdom of Qin | The king in China with one of these most powerful army equipped with them most effective weapons and soldiers. |  | 40 |
| 3100856557 | The First Emperor | The king of Qin declared himself the first emperor and decreed all his descendants. |  | 41 |
| 3100856558 | Resistance to Qin Policies | The Chinese accepted the political stability of Qin but in no shape or way did they accept his universal acceptance of being right. | | 42 |
| 3100856559 | The Burning of the Books | Qin took his policies seriously and enforced them. So one day he burned down 460 scholar's house burning books and there knowledge. |  | 43 |
| 3100856560 | Qin Centralization | Qin caused for his doings being centralized. He standardized his laws, currencies, and he weighted certain regions. |  | 44 |
| 3100856561 | Standardized Script | Qin had a standardized script where he wrote his legal and economical policies. |  | 45 |
| 3100856562 | Tomb of the First Emperor | Qin died in 210 B.C.E. He was placed in a lavish tomb created by some 700000 laborers as a permanent monument of the "first" emporer. |  | 46 |
| 3100856563 | Liu Bang | After Qin died, the centralized imperial rule went under Liu Bang a commander. |  | 47 |
| 3100856564 | Early Han Policies | During the Han Dynasties, Liu Bang attempted to follow a middle path between the decentralized networks of politcal alliances. |  | 48 |
| 3100856565 | The Martial Emperor, Han Wudi | The emporer Han Wudi is the main reason for why the Han Dynasty lasted so long. He ruled a successful fifty-four years. |  | 49 |
