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AP World History Unit 3 Flashcards

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3004607878Bantu Migration-proto-Bantu homeland was near modern boundary between Nigeria and Cameroon -Bantu migrated across Africa spreading language and iron smelting -massive transfer of Bantu traditions and practices southwards, eastword, and westwards from 500 BCE to 1000 CE0
3004607879Swahili...1
3004609875Polynesian Voyages-Polynesians originated in Asia -travel in Pacific Ocean -developed larger, more sea-worthy canoes and improved navigational skills that allowed large distance voyages after centuries of island-hopping migrations -migrated to Marquesas, the Hawaiian Islands, the Americas, and even as far as New Zealand2
3004615975Muhammad-Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam -Born in Mecca 570 CE -Engaged in trade and married a rich widow, Khadija3
3004615976IslamReligion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. In the tradition of Judaism and Christianity, and sharing much of their lore, Islam calls on all people to recognize one creator god--Allah--who rewards or punishes believers after death according to how they lived their lives4
3004615977Dar al-Islam...5
3004615978MeccaCity in Western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and ritual center of the Islamic religion. A late-blooming caravan city occupying a barren mountain valley halfway between Yemen and Syria and somewhat inland from the Red Sea6
3004615979UmmaThe community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of 7th-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community7
3004617971QuranBook composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 642; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. Viewed not as the words of Muhammad but as the unalterable word of God.8
3004617972SunnisMuslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select it's own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries9
3004617973Shi'ites.Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendent of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran10
3004619754Expansion of Islam-conquests outside of Arabia began under second caliph, Umar (r. 634-644) -wrenched Syria (636) and Egypt (639-643) away from Byzantine Empire and defeated last Sasanid shah, Yazdigird III (r.632-651) -Tunisia fell and became governing center (711) -Spain conquered by army of Barbers from North Africa -Sind (southern Indus Valley) invaded by Iraqians -India and Anatolia experienced some invasion -sub-Saharan Africa and other regions saw peaceful expansion through trade and conversion11
3004619755Decline of Abbasids-Held onto caliphate until 1258 when mongol invaders killed the last of them in Baghdad but decline was evident in second half of the 9th century -revolts targeting Arab or Muslim domination gave way to movements within Islamic community concentrating on seizure of territory and formation of principalities -cut off tax flow to Baghdad. -out of distrust for generals and troops from outlying areas, they purchased mamluks for military -mamluks rebelled when they could not be payed12
3004619783Abbasid CaliphateDescendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbas ids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 125813
3004622274Persian influence in Islamic World-Abbasid Caliphate adopted the ceremonies and customs of the Sasanid shahs -as more non-Arabs converted to Islam, the ruling elite became more cosmopolitan -Greek, Iranian, Central Asian, and African cultural currents met in the capital and gave rise to an abundance of literary works, facilitated by papermaking from China -Arab poets neglected the traditional odes extolling life in the desert and wrote instead wine songs or poems in praise of their patrons -refinement of Baghdad culture only slowly made its way into provinces -early Abbasid period sometimes called a "golden age"14
3004622275MamluksUnder the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkish military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbas id Caliphate of the 9th and 10th centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)15
3004622276Turks-dominated Samarra without interference from an unruly Baghdad populace that regarded them as rude and highhanded -money and effort that went into the huge city (occupied from 835 to 892) further sapped the caliphs' financial strength and deflected labor from more productive pursuits16
3004622277CaliphatesOffice established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire17
3004622323CaliphThe successor of Muhammad to leadership. Leader of the caliphate.18
3004626729Women in the Islamic WorldWomen seldom travelled. Those living in rural areas worked in the fields and tended animals. Urban women, particularly members of the elite, lived in seclusion and did not leave their homes without covering themselves. Though they sometimes became literate and studied with relatives, they did so away from the gaze of unrelated men. While they played important roles in family, public roles were generally barred. A man could have sexuall relationships with as many slave concubines as he pleased and could marry as many as four wives. Women fared better under Islamic law than Christian and Jewish women under their respective religious codes.19
3004626730Cities in the Islamic worldThe Arab military settlement tsir of Kuna and Basra blossomed into cities and became important centers for Muslim cultural activities. As conversion rapidly spread, urbanization accelerated in other areas, most notably Iran. In Iran, major cities are Baghdad, Mosul, Kufa, and Basra. In Syria, Aleppo and Damascus. Fustat in Egypt developed into Cairo. The christian patriarchal cities of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria shrank and stagnated.20
3004626731Ibn Buttuta...21
3004626732HadithA tradition relating to the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law22
3004628037Shari'aThe law of Islam that provides the foundation of Islamic civilization. Every Muslim ruler was expected to abide by and enforce the religious law. The Shari'a proved an important basis for an urban lifestyle that varied surprisingly little from Morocco to India23
3004628038Impact of Conversion-converts did not know much about Islam because they couldn't read Arabic -converts migrated to Arab governing systems to both learn more about the religion and escape discrimination in their home communities -migration both averted discrimination and took advantage of the economic opportunities opened up by tax revenues flowing into Arab governing centers24
3004630327Science and technology in the Islamic WorldBuilding on Hellen I stick traditions and their own observations and experience, Muslim doctors and astronomers developed skills and theories far in advance of their European counterparts. In 11th century Egypt, Ibn al-Haytham determined that the Milky Way lies far beyond the earth's atmosphere, proved that light travels from a seen object to the eye and not the reverse, and explained why the sun and the moon appear larger on the horizon than overhead25
3004630328Sufi...26
3004634204Timbuktu...27
3004634205Medieval Trans-Saharan Trade...28
3004635823Islam of Sub-Saharan Africa-Islam's spread was gradual and peaceful -most Africans found meaning and benefit in the teachings of Islam -Takrur in the far western Sudan became the first sub-Saharan African state to adopt the new faith around 103029
3004635824MaliEmpire created by indigenous Muslims in Western Sudan of West Africa from the 13th to 15th centuries. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.30
3004642820Swahili...31
3004639767Medieval Indian Ocean Basin Trade...32
3004639768Spices...33
3004639769Ships navigation in the Indian Ocean...34
3004642751Swahili Coast...35
3004646970Ibn Battuta...36
3004648941Medieval Europe...37
3004648942Feudalism...38
3004648943Invasions of Medieval Europe...39
3004650374Papacy...40
3004650375The Black Death...41
3004650376Wat Tyler...42
3004653714The Little Ice Age*include dates!!!43
3004656282Medieval European Agriculture...44
3004660032Japanese Feudalism...45
3004662160Byzantine Peasants...46
3004662161The Crusades...47
3004663569Crusader States...48
3004665046Genoa...49
3004665047City-State...50
3004665968Italian Trading States...51
3004665969Mediterranean Trade...52
3004667247Sui Dynasty...53
3004685928Grand Canal...54
3004685961Tang Dynasty...55
3004688287Tang Cross-cultural exchange...56
3004688288Tang Economy...57
3004688289Chang'an...58
3004691205Song Dynasty...59
3004691206paper Money in China...60
3004691207Song Technology...61
3004692441Song Industry...62
3004692442Foot Binding...63
3004694143The Rise of the Mongols...64
3004694144Genghis Khan...65
3004694145Mongol Society...66
3004694146Mongol Government...67
3004696377Mongol Warfare...68
3004696378Il-khan...69
3004698537Bubonic Plague...70
3004698538Mongols & Trade...71
3004698539Golden HOrde...72
3004701470Intellectual Development of the Il-Khan...73
3004706199Mongol Yoke...74
3004706200Political Consequences of Golden Horde...75
3004707897Yuan China Society...76
3004707898Yuan Government...77
3004707899Yuan Economy...78
3004710498Ming China...79
3004710499Zheng He...80
3004710500Changes from Mongols to Ming...81
3004712237Gunpowder*include everything!!!82
3004713893Moveable Type...83
3004713894Ming Agriculture...84
3004715621Mongol Impact on Korea and Japan...85
3004715622Zen Buddhism...86
3004717667Revival of Medieval Western Europe...87
3004717668Horse Collar...88
3004719603Guilds...89
3004719604Urban Revival...90
3004721335Climate in the 12th & 13th...91
3004725508Mayan Government...92
3004725509Mayan Trade...93
3004725510Mayan Society...94
3004727196Mexica...95
3004727197Mexica Government...96
3004727198Mexica Society...97
3004727199Mexica Economy...98
3004729065Inca Empire...99
3004729066Ayllu...100
3004730549Mita...101
3004730550Trade in the Andes...102
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