Terms : Hide Images
| 5075362802 | Ural Mountains | This north-south range separates Siberia from the rest of Russia. It is commonly considered the boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia. | 0 | |
| 5075365591 | Volga River | The longest river in Europe and Russia's most important commercial river. | 1 | |
| 5075365592 | Caspian Sea | A large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River, world's largest inland body of water located between Europe and Asia. | 2 | |
| 5075365593 | Alaska | Largest area of old growth forest in the United States is located in. | 3 | |
| 5075367899 | Black Sea | Large body of water separating Ukraine from Turkey. | 4 | |
| 5075378529 | Steppes | A vast, almost treeless plain in southeastern Europe or Asia. | 5 | |
| 5075378530 | Eastern Orthodox | This Christian religion broke away from the Roman church when it would not accept the authority of the Pope as the head of the church. | 6 | |
| 5075381335 | Russian Orthodox Church | Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local region; king characteristically controlled major appointments. | 7 | |
| 5075381336 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior. | 8 | |
| 5075383269 | St. Basil's Cathedral | A church in Red Square in Moscow, Russia. Built from 1555-61 on orders from Ivan the Terrible and commemorates the capture of Kazan and Astrakhan. | 9 | |
| 5075383270 | Patriarch | The male head of a family or tribe. | 10 | |
| 5075383271 | Holy Synod | The replacement Peter the Great created for the office of Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. It was a "bureaucracy of laymen under his supervision." | 11 | |
| 5075385438 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization. | 12 | |
| 5075385439 | St. Petersburg | A new city built under Peter the Great- symbolize policy of westernization, also known as the window to the west. | 13 | |
| 5075388935 | Winter Palace | Official residence of Russian monarchs from 1732-1917. | 14 | |
| 5075388936 | Philosophes | Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time. | 15 | |
| 5075391539 | Westernization | Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture. | 16 | |
| 5075391540 | Slavophilism | Spread in Russia in last years of Alexander I and after even though he'd been westernized. Application of principle of Volksgeist. These same feelings had rejected the ideas of Peter the Great. Before 1848 these sentiments were still pretty embryonic. Would take a while to grow. | 17 | |
| 5075393592 | Tsar | The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar. | 18 | |
| 5075393593 | Moscow | Russia's dominant political center under Mongols. | 19 | |
| 5075393594 | Kiev | Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in the 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century. | 20 | |
| 5075395993 | Ivan III (Great) | (1440-1505) Also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Dutchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar of Caesar-equivalent of emperor. | 21 | |
| 5075395994 | Ivan IV (Terrible) | (1530-1584) Also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture. | 22 | |
| 5075397546 | Kazan | City on the Volga River that was captured under the reign of Ivan the Terrible. | 23 | |
| 5075397547 | Astrakahn | City on the Volga River that was captured under the reign of Ivan the Terrible. | 24 | |
| 5075397562 | Siberia | The northeastern sector of Asia or the Eastern half of Russia. | 25 | |
| 5075400159 | Cossacks | Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements. | 26 | |
| 5075400160 | Oprichnina | 27 | ||
| 5075403245 | Time of Troubles | Followed death of Russian tsar Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov a tsar in 1613. | 28 | |
| 5075405473 | Zemsky Sobor | Meeting of the Russian estates during the Time of Troubles. | 29 | |
| 5075405474 | Divine Right | Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god. | 30 | |
| 5075408116 | Romanov Dynasty | Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917. | 31 | |
| 5075409725 | Peter I (Great) | Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models. | 32 | |
| 5075409726 | Streltsy | Professional troops who made up the Moscow Garrison. They were suppressed by Peter the Great. | 33 | |
| 5075411591 | Table of Ranks | Official hierarchy established by Peter the Great in Imperial Russia that equated a person's social position and privileges with his ranks in the state bureaucracy or army. | 34 | |
| 5075413678 | Provinces | The countryside outside the capital city. | 35 | |
| 5075413679 | Catherine II (Great) | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. | 36 | |
| 5075416681 | Partitions of Poland | Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe. | 37 | |
| 5075418702 | Yemelyan Pugachev | Pretender to the Russian throne who led a great Cossack insurrection during the reign of Catherine II. | 38 | |
| 5075422087 | Pugachev Rebellion | During 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter. | 39 | |
| 5075425433 | Arkhangelsk (Archangel) | City and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, in the north of European Russia. | 40 | |
| 5075425434 | Silk Roads | The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations. | 41 | |
| 5075425435 | Fur Trade | European powers sought to capitalize on popularity of fur in Europe; involved trade with Indians. | 42 | |
| 5075427602 | Mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph. | 43 | |
| 5075427603 | Boyars | Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe. | 44 | |
| 5075427604 | Serfs | Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages. | 45 | |
| 5075430525 | Pale of Settlement | Jews were restricted to living in certain areas of the country and blamed for the violence and economic problems (although heavy taxation was the chief cause). | 46 | |
| 5075430526 | Pogroms | Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia. | 47 | |
| 5075430527 | Mirs | To improve agricultural output in Russia, Alexander II freed the serfs and then sold them through organized. | 48 | |
| 5075433362 | Bosporus Straight | A key trade route for the Byzantine Empire between Europe and Asia. | 49 | |
| 5075435433 | Straight of Hormuz | Connects the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea. Ships load and unload a lot here. | 50 | |
| 5075435434 | Ghazi Ideal | A Muslim fighter against non-Muslims. | 51 | |
| 5075438562 | Suleiman Mosque | Built for Suleiman and it was where he and other people would go to pray. | 52 | |
| 5075438563 | Coffeehouses | These came to be known as new popular institutions of European social life during the 18th century Age of Enlightenment. Commonly, business, science, religion, and politics were all mentioned in caffeine fueled discussions in these places. | 53 | |
| 5075440147 | Ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. | 54 | |
| 5075440148 | Shariah Law | The code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed. | 55 | |
| 5075441851 | Harem | Living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household. | 56 | |
| 5075441852 | Miniature Paintings | An art form in the Middle East and South Asia. | 57 | |
| 5075443487 | Sikhism | Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. | 58 | |
| 5075443488 | Sati | Ritual in India of immolating surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands. | 59 | |
| 5075443489 | Din-i-llahi | Religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslisms in India, but failed. | 60 | |
| 5075446678 | Taj Mahal | Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a united all of northern China and reconquered southern China. | 61 | |
| 5075446679 | Gunpowder Empires | Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes. | 62 | |
| 5075446680 | Tamerlane | Mongolian ruler of Samarkand who led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area from Turkey to Mongolia (1336-1405). | 63 | |
| 5075449002 | Samarkand | It is a very advanced city on the Silk Road. | 64 | |
| 5075449003 | Ottoman Empire | Turkic empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending throughout Middle East; responsible for conquest of Constantinople and end of Byzantine Empire in 1453; succeeded Seljuk Turks following retreat of Mongols. | 65 | |
| 5075461378 | Mehmed II (Conqueror) | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire. | 66 | |
| 5075461379 | Topkapi Palace | Built by Mehmed II, it was the center of all sultan's power. It had an administrative purpose but also served as the private residence or the ruler and his family. | 67 | |
| 5075464650 | Suleiman I | Ruler of Ottoman Empire - same time as Charles V - fair ruler/expanded holdings, reconstructed legal system. | 68 | |
| 5075464651 | Vienna | The capital of Austria. | 69 | |
| 5075464652 | Rhodes | A Greek island, lying east of Crete in the Aegean Sea. | 70 | |
| 5075496900 | Viziers | Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 5th century often more powerful than sultan. | 71 | |
| 5075496901 | Battle of Lepanto | Took place on October 7t, 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of southern European Catholic maritime states, decisively defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire in five hours of fighting on the northern edge of the Gulf of Corinth, off western Greece. | 72 | |
| 5075497034 | Safavids | Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722. | 73 | |
| 5075500725 | Ismail | Sufi commander who conquered city of Tabriz in 1501; first Safavid to be proclaimed shah or emperor. | 74 | |
| 5075500726 | Shah | The title of the former ruler of Iran. | 75 | |
| 5075503198 | Shah Abbas I (Great) | The 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and is generally considered the strongest ruler of the Safavid dynasty. | 76 | |
| 5075503199 | Isfahan | Capital of the Safavid Empire. | 77 | |
| 5075504859 | Akbar | (1542-1605) Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India. | 78 | |
| 5075508418 | Babur | First sultan of the Mughal Empire; took lots of land in India. | 79 | |
| 5075508419 | Delhi | Capital of the Mugal empire in Northern India. | 80 | |
| 5075508420 | Shah Jahan | Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666). | 81 | |
| 5075512365 | Aurangzeb | Son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India; determined to extend Mughal control over whole of subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare exhausted empire despite military successes; died in 1707. | 82 | |
| 5075512366 | Middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. | 83 | |
| 5075514051 | Trade Agreements | Intergovernmental agreements designed to manage and promote trade activities for specific regions. | 84 | |
| 5075517016 | Barbary Pirates | Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations. | 85 | |
| 5075519145 | Grand Bazaar | A giant complex of buildings that is a reminder of Istanbul's commercial hub and has over 5,000 shops. | 86 | |
| 5075522250 | Devshireme | Balkan slaves may become janissaries. | 87 | |
| 5075522251 | Janissaries | Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century. | 88 | |
| 5075526406 | Impressed | To have a strong effect on the mind or feelings of someone. | 89 | |
| 5075526407 | Zamindars | Mughal officials, kept a portion of taxes paid by the local peasants, expected to forward the rest of their taxes from the land to the central government. | 90 | |
| 5075527333 | Castes | Social groups into which people are born and cannot change. | 91 |
