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Ap World History unit 3 terms Flashcards

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5607124122baburFounded Mughal dynasty (India)0
5607128270AkbarGreatest ruler of Mughals - accepted all religions - created "Din-I-Ilahi" (faith of the divine) - combo of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity1
5607139215Sha JahanMughal ruler - tried but failed to expand - built Taj Mahal2
5607141605Charles V (5)Holy Roman Emperor - heritage from Hapsburgs3
5607144659ConquistadorSpanish soldier/explorer who came to americas4
5607146471Henry of Navarre1st French monarch - bourbon dynasty - religious tolerance for Protestants - cared ab welfare of people5
5607152224Ivan the GreatSize of Russia = x4 - Moscow = impressive capital of 3rd Roman Empire - foundation for Russian aristocracy - longest rule6
5607156123HideyoshiDaimyo that unified Japan - only samurai class carried weapons - replaced by Tokugawa7
5607169577Louis XIV (14)"I am the state" - longest rule of Europe - France = absolute monarchy - france more powerful bc of foreign war - built Versailles - symbol of European absolutism8
5607182408Prince Henry the NavigatorPushed Portuguese attempts to explore African sea route to asia9
5607198936Oliver CromwellBritish military leader, based on meritocracy (gov officials chosen based on abilities), England became 1st republic (even though it was military dictator)10
5607271203roninMasterless samurai (1180-1868)11
5607271204SikhsTen Sikh gurus, northern India, started Sikhism religion, unique view of world = one god12
5607271205Suleiman IRuler of Ottomans, same time period as Charles V, fair ruler/expanded, reconstructed legal system13
5607271206Sunni Ali15th century, king of Songhai empire in sub-Saharan Africa, controlled Timbuktu (trade), bigger than Mali empire14
5607271207Lepanto1571, coalition of catholic states' navy defeats Ottoman Empire's navy, beginning of west European (spain/Portugal) dominance in Mediterranean15
5607408253Act of toleration1689, british law granting religious tolerance, ends generations of bloodshed16
5607408254CapitalismEconomic system- gov. stays out of companies choices, goal is to make profit for company not gov.17
5607408255Joint stock companyWest European financial company w/ capital from investors, to make profit, before "corporations"18
5607408256Dutch East India CompanyControlled trade for Britain, became even stronger than some gov.19
5607408257Treaty of TordesillasPope divides Latin America, Portuguese=Brazil, Spain=everywhere else20
5607408258ParliamentFrance, people responsible for edicts (laws); eventually, they didn't record ones they didn't agree w/, power struggle21
5607408259Elizabeth IEngland monarch (1558-1603), religious issues, "Elizabethan Age" - golden age, Shakespeare, encourage colonization, didn't give out nobility22
5607408260John CalvinCalvinism- belief in predestination, anti witches23
5607408261English enlightenment(1649-1690), England reduces power of monarchy through overthrow of Cromwell, "Glorious Revolution", English bill of rights, writing by John Locke & Thomas Hobbes24
5607408262FootbindingDuring Tang (china) Dynasty (700), all classes, girls @ 6 years, status (femininity-pain for appearance) symbol, only rich could afford,25
5607473503HuguenotsProtestants who lived in catholic France, (minority), often persecuted26
5607473504Italian RenaissanceRebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art & architecture, humanism, families like Medici & the Catholic Church, natural world blend w/ religion, thoughts leaving religion base27
5607473505JesuitsSoldiers for Pope, "society of Jesus", branch of Catholicism (after reformation), focused on education, missionary work, social justice28
5607473506Northern renaissanceNorthern Europe, literature & art (in common language for people), human form blend w/ religion,29
5607591373PhilosophesFrench enlightened thinkers who tried to explain society/human nature, started enlightenment30
5607591374PuritansPart of protestants in England who dismiss Anglican Church, want pure form of Christianity based on Bible, predestination, kicked out to New England, known in USA as pilgrims31
5607591375Architecture of the RenaissanceArchitecture based on math precision, ex: columns, domes, perfect designs, revival of Roman architecture32
5607591376DeismBelief that God stays out of our daily lives, he's creator of universe, gave us everything we need & then just watches33
5607591377Printing pressGutenberg - led to increased literacy, takes power from Church monopoly on literacy (tells what is in bible incorrect bc they can't read it)34
5608241762Absolute monarchyHereditary leadership that controls all power35
5608241763BoyarsMember of the highest rank of feudal Russian & Romanian aristocracy, 2nd only to the ruling princes, 10th to 17th century36
5608241764CossacksPeople from the southern steppe regions of Eastern Europe and Asiatic Russia, famous for military skill & used by Ivan the Great to expand their empire37
5608241765CreolesSpanish/Portuguese born in the americas, below those actually born in Europe38
5608586332devshirmegiving a single son to the Ottoman sultans to become Janissaries as slave soldiers, a tax for not being Islamic & under their rule39
5608586333Divine rightLike deism, belief god stays out of our daily lives, European (monarchs), it was their right to rule bc god said so, "born into monarchy, I must deserve it"40
5608586334Dutch learningRangaku - how Japan kept in touch w/ western technology & medicine, (1641-1853), bc of Tokugawa shogunate' policy41
5608586335EncomiendaSystem of Spanish rule in Americas, landowners have right to forced labor of all indigenous people living on that land42
5608586336EnlightenmentAttempt to apply logic from scientific revolution to human nature/gov./economic43
5608586337Estates-generalMeeting of French governing body, to find more income to state, backfired, led to French Revolution44
5608586338Glorious revolution1688, overthrow king james of England45
5608586339Hagia SophiaFormer Eastern Orthodox Church, converted to a mosque, now a museum, in Istanbul46
5608586340JanissariesChristian slave army that fought for Ottoman Empire, from devshirme tax47
5608586341MercantilismEconomic system, colonies market resources for sole use of mother country (colonization)48
5608586342MestizosAmerican that is half indigenous, half European49
5608586343Mughal dynastyMuslim dynasty in india50
5608586344MulattoesOffspring of a European/african51
5608586345Parliamentary monarchyAttempt to control monarchy through parliament, 1st experiment w/ England, controlled budget which limited monarch52
5608586346PeninsularesHighest of Spanish colonial caste system in America, born in Spanish empire, held high official power53
5608586347PurdahPractice of requiring women to cover their bodies, separates genders, some places it was more cultural then religious54
5608586348Qing DynastyFounded by Manchu, not native to china (foreign), last Chinese dynasty, couldn't keep out europeans55
5608586349ReconquistaRe establishment of Christian rather than Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula, (718-1492)56
5608586350SovereignityRight to exercise supreme political power over area, people, etc57
5608586351Taj MahalFinest example of Mughal architecture, created by Sha Jahan for his wife58
5608586352Tokugawa ShogunateA feudal military dictatorship of Japan, est. 1603 by Tokugawa Ieysu, ruled by shoguns in Tokugawa family until 1868, "Edo Period", capital city = Edo (now Tokyo), class hierarchy based from Hideyoshi, samurai @ top, followed by farmers, merchants, artisans59
5608586353ViceroyaltyRoyal official who governs country/province under monarch, colonization60
5608586354Caravel3-masted ship used by Portuguese and Spanish, began in 15th century, could explore UP river61
5608586355Colombian ExchangeTrade of Americans/Africans/Europeans, crops, disease, culture, people, animals -improved diets in Europe, massive immigration62
5608586356Northwest PassageAttempt to find water route through North America, none ever found, explored bays/rivers indtrad63
5608586357Middle PassageSea voyage of Africans to Americas - 25/50% would die on trip64
5608586358Triangular TradeTrade of Slavs to Caribbean, sugar to England, goods to africa65
5608586359Catholic reformation (counter reformation)Instead of changing Catholic Church (did get rid of indulgences), they stopped the spread of Protestantism, reformed Catholic Church & persecuted some66
5608586360Commercial revolutionEuropean economic expansion, colonialism, & mercantilism - (1520-1650), voyages allowed Europeans to build vast networks of international trade, making wealth67
5622582761ExcommunicationKicked out of the church68
5622582762Heliocentric theoryBelief that earth rotates around the sun, opposite of geocentric theory & church idea that earth is revolved by sun69
5622582763IndulgenceSelling of passes out of purgatory into heaven to pay for art in Rome by church,70
5608760917ExcommunicationKicked out of the church71
5608760918Heliocentric theoryBelief that earth rotates around the sun, opposite of geocentric theory & church idea that earth is revolved by sun72
5608760919IndulgenceSelling of passes out of purgatory into heaven to pay for art in Rome by church, Martin Luther brought its issue to light73
5623059605Laissez-faire economicsBelief that gov. shouldn't control business, let market decide success/fail of products74
5623059606Natural lawsBelief that human interaction of law is governed by a set of laws, similes to those found in nature (gravity)75
562305960795 thesesComplaints made by Martin Luther against Catholic Church, nailed to door, began Protestant reformation76
5623059608PredestinationBelief that going to heaven is not based on actions, but is predetermined by God77
5623100934Protestant ReformationAttempt to reform Catholic Church, leads to divide, Protestant beliefs gain supporters, based on Bibles words not church's, bibles written in vernacular, divided nations in Europe - wars78
5672475724Society of JesusOtherwise known as Jesuits, Catholic response to reformation - encouraged education & human rights79
5672475725Martin LtuherWrote the 95 theses, initiated Protestant reformation, refused to take back his ideas, protected by German princes, wanted clergy to be able to marry80
5672475726Henry VII (7)Created Anglican Church, split from Catholic Church bc Pope wouldn't let them marry to women who couldn't produce a male son81
5672475727Saint Ignatius of LoyolaLeader of jesuits82
5672475728Thirty Years War1618-1648, in current day Germany, involved most major powers in Europe, religious conflict between Protestant/ Catholic, self-preservation of Hapsburg also a cause83
5672475729Enlightened monarchs/despotsMonarchs embraced the enlightenment, emphasis on rationality, applied ideas to their kingdoms - religious toleration, freedom of speech/press/property, fostered the arts, sciences, education84
5623229223Society of JesusOtherwise known as Jesuits, Catholic response to reformation - encouraged education & human rights85
5623229224Martin LutherWrote the 95 theses, initiated Protestant reformation, refused to take back his ideas, protected by German princes, wanted clergy to be able to marry86
5623229225Henry VII (7)Created Anglican Church, split from Catholic Church bc Pope wouldn't let them marry to women who couldn't produce a male son87
5623229226Saint Ignatius of LoyolaLeader of jesuits88
5623229227Thirty Years War1618-1648, in current day Germany, involved most major powers in Europe, religious conflict between Protestant/ Catholic, self-preservation of Hapsburg also a cause89
5623229228Enlightened monarchs/despotsMonarchs embraced the enlightenment, emphasis on rationality, applied ideas to their kingdoms - religious toleration, freedom of speech/press/property, fostered the arts, sciences, education90
5672532947Maria Theresa & Joseph 2She was only female head of hapsburgs, archduchess of austria, enlightened despot, 1 of most powerful rulers of her time, queen of Hungary&bohemia &other places from 1780 until her death/// he was holy Roman emperor91
5672719356Copernicus1st modern creation of heliocentric theory92
5672719357Galileofather of modern astronomy/physics/ & science,, improved telescope, 1st & 2nd laws of motion, supported Copernicus93
5672719358Sir issac newtoncreated Kepler' law of planetary motion, showed bodies were under same set of natural laws, helped scientific revolution & advancement of heliocentrism94
5672719359VoltaireEnlightened thinker who spoke against the Catholic Church95
5672719360Jean-Jacques RosseauPolitical ideas impacted by French revolution, development of socialist theory, growth of nationalism, the famous line "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains96
5672719361Class diversification in EuropeGrowth of the middle class between aristocracy & peasantry97
5672719362Adam SmithThe wealth of Nations author, put forth foundation of capitalism - laissez faire (moved away from mercantilism)98
5672956011Proto-industrialization16th century, initially applied to countryside,, but it's when rural people were beginning to industrialize99
5673225634Prince Henry the navigatorSparked European interest in exploration, gave Portuguese a Head start, promoted early efforts to export an African route to Asia100
5673225635Christopher Columbus"Discoverer" of the Americas when looking for route to East Indies, treatment of indigenous peoples was horrible, started new wave of exploration & starts era of European dominance101
5673225636Ferdinand Magellan1521, circumnavigation102
5673225637ColonizationMarkets, resources for industrializing nations, precious metals needed in Iberian peninsula for wealth, Europeans emigrated due to lack of land, overpopulation, chance to start ahakn103
5673225638Jacques Cartierdiscovery of Canada104
5673225639North American fur tradeIndians/French worked together, massive export of fur, beaver skin caps were popular in Europe, French colonized differently (mostly men along Mississippi)105
5673225640Henry HudsonBritish explorer, discovered Scandinavia, Canada, looking for northwest apsaage106
5673225641New amsterdam17th century settlement in new Netherlands, (1614-1674), protected trading center that later became NYC107
5673225642Osman I1299,, founder of Ottoman Empire, from him that the Turks called themselves the osmanli until the Ottoman Empire ended108
5673225643SultanMuslim ruler who claimed full power in practical terms without claiming overall caliphate, developed further means in some other contexts, dynasty/land ruled by sultan is called sultanahte109
5673571014viziersRanking political advisor, often to Muslim monarch (Caliph, Amir, Malik(king), or Sultan)110
5673571015IstanbulPreviously Constantinople until 1930 when it was officially Istanbul, 3,000 year old history = one of oldest existing cities of the world111
5673571016Mehmet II(1480), 1st ottoman ruler to claim title of Caesar of the Roman Empire (supreme ruler of all christians), beside typical title such as sultan, made this claim after conquering Constantinople in 1453112
5673571017Millet systemMethod of working w/ religious minorities in Ottoman Empire, millets has great deal of power, set their own laws, collected their own taxes, as long as they were loyal to empire & abided by Muslim Sharia law113
5673571018HaremPlace in which the wives of sultan would live in the Ottoman Empire, sultan had children w/ all Women, they would also get educated114
5673571019Siege of ViennaFailed attempt of ottomans to invade Europe, from them on Europe feared or had to keep peace w/ ottomans, farthest western advancement into Central Europe of the ottomans, of all battles between Christians & Islams -- this signaled end to previously unstoppable Turkish forces115
5673571020Safavid EmpireNative Iranian dynasty, gunpowder empire, enemy to ottomans because they were Shiite, (1501-1736), united Iran's provinces under one rule, acted as bridge to modern Iran116
5673571021Abbas The Greatmost powerful of Safavid leaders, expanded trade to west, "Abbas' reign" -- military success, raised Iran to great power, skilled diplomat, tolerant of Christian subjects117
5674154493IsfahanCultural/political center of Safavid empire, 3rd largest city in Iran today118
5674154494Ming Dynastyrules China from 1368-1644, last Chinese dynasty w/ Chinese natives ruling, vast army & navy, junk ships (1,500 tons & 4-masted), over 100,000 tons of iron produced per year, many books printed119
5674154495Francis XavierPioneered Christian missionary, cofounder of Jesuits, Roman Catholics church considers him to have converted more people than anyone since St. Paul120
5674154496Qing Dynasty(1644-1912), Took over after the Ming, came over the Great Wall built to keep them out, Manchu origin, allowed foreign trade bc they were foreign, last Chinese dynasty121
5674154497Tea & Chinese trade w/ EuropePortuguese discovered Chinese tea in 1560s, starts for wealthy people, eventually becomes daily life for those all across Europe (dominates life)122
5674154498KangxiGreatest Chinese emperor in history, reign for 61 years (longest ever), took throne @ 8, did not exercise much (if any), his 4 guardians & grandmother Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang123
5674154499Ashikaga Shogunate(1336-1573), fetal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga family, regional power still w/ daimyo, as the daimyo feuded between themselves, loyalty to the shoguns was strained & open warfare began124
5674305585Toyotomi Hideyoshiaka japans 2nd "greatest unifier", known for his invasion of Korea, cultural legacies: only samurais can carry weapons125
5678142471Babur the TigerFounded the Mughal dynasty (India) & believed himself to be a descendant of Genghis Khan126
5679408057Aurangzeb(Tyrant) Ruler of Mughal (1658-1707), controversial figure in south Asian history bc he destroyed many Hindu temples & forced many Hindus to become Islamic127
5679408058Askia MuhammadKing of the Songhai empire until the late 15th century, v strong & big empire, covered a lot of Africa (the Hausa states, Mali empire) in northwestern Africa, expansion of trade, built schools, & Islam was important128
5679408059Gold trade in west/central afficsMade inlands rich, relied on slaves, slowed industrialization, made African nations dependent, needed to purchase European weapons in order to expand129
5679408060Osei TutuLeader of Ashanti confederacy in Africa, firearms traded w/ Europeans for slaves/gold, expanded power of city-sfafe130
5679408061BoersName given to Dutch immigrants in South Africa, moved inland, came into conflict w/ Zulu tribe131
5679707464ZuluSouth African tribe lead by Shaka Zulu, he united tribes through war & then posed threat to boers/British, one of the few instances in which non-Europeans were able to defeat Europeans132
5679707465Atlantic Slave TradePurchase/transport of Africans to the new world, 1/3 of triangular trade between Europe, Americas & acrics133
5679707466Sugar production and the slave tradeLabor was infensive /dangerous, had to keep transportinf because of death rates, males primarily brought over, overseers kept order V violently134
5679707467Hernan CortesDefeated Aztecs due to guns, disease, & ateel135
5679707468Francisco PizarroDefeated Incas due to guns, disease, steel, & a gullible montezuma136
5679707470New spainViceroy ruled territory (1525-1821), current-day Central America137
5679707471Spanish importation of smallpox and measlesColombian exchange- immunity lacked in Latin America, so all indigenous people died, millions died138
5679845822Bartolome de las CasasDemonized role of Spanish / Columbus in treatment of Native Americans139
5679707472Silver miningChanged world trade, source of wealth for Portugal/Spain, currency for China, resource for Mexico, extracted materials from America sent to europee140
5679845823Portuguese sugar productionPortuguese cultivated in Brazil 1532, surpassed honey as primary sweetener141
5679707473Peter StuyvesantLast Dutch director/general of New Netherlands from 1647 until it was taken by English in 1664, became NYC142
5679707474JamestownFirst British colony in the US143
5679845824Plymouth rockPilgrims landed in US, religious focused colony144
5679845825Massachusetts Bay ColonyFirst British colony in New England, became Massachusetts, started as joint-stock company145
5679845826French and Indian warsWars between English & French over land, secession, & power -- in North America, colonists & British vs French & Indians, debt from wars leads to high British taxes which lead to American revolution146
5679845827Russian- American companyRussian trading company that had monopoly over trade w/ alaska147

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