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| 230936757 | (PI, 253) Charlemagne | King of the Franks and emperor. Through a series of military conquests he established the Caroligian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. | 0 | |
| 230936758 | (SR, 253) Medieval | Literally "middle age," a term that historians use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying it's intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. German traditions and Christianity created middle age. | 1 | |
| 230936759 | (P, 253) Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from "Byzantium," an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. Built on the heritage of the Roman Empire | 2 | |
| 230936760 | (PR, 254) Kievan Russia | State established at Kiev in Ukraine by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. Shaped by Byzantine emperors and Christian church. | 3 | |
| 230936761 | (RP, 254) Schism | A formal split within a religious community. Caused by bad relations between pope and princes | 4 | |
| 230936762 | (SP, 260) Manor | In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence, outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. Popular because of safety that came with living near the lord | 5 | |
| 230936763 | (SP, 260) Serf | In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perfrom set services for the lord. Provided safety from invaders | 6 | |
| 230936764 | (PS, 262) Fief | In medieval Europe, land granted in return for sworn oath to provide specified military service. Fiefs could be inherited as long as service was continued | 7 | |
| 230936765 | (SP, 262) Vassal | In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. Kings granted fiefs to vassals | 8 | |
| 230936766 | (R, 263) Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Churcg, of which the pope was head. Roman nobles lost control of the papacy. | 9 | |
| 230936767 | (P, 266) Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | 10 | |
| 230936768 | (RP, 266) Investiture Controversy | Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held the ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. Led to the schism. | 11 | |
| 230936769 | (RI, 267) Monasticism | Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. It was a prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism. Monasteries were the primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe. | 12 | |
| 230936770 | (E, 272) Horse collar | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from an animal's neck to the shoulders. it's adoption favors the spread or horse drawn plows and vehicles. | 13 | |
| 230936771 | (RP, 274) Crusades | Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. | 14 | |
| 230936772 | (R, 275) Pilgrimage | Journey to a sacre c shrine by Christians seeking to show piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Played an important role in European religious life | 15 | |
| 230936773 | (R, 228) Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and ritual center of the Islamic religion. A major pilgrimage site for Muslims | 16 | |
| 230936774 | (R, 228) Muhammad | Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. Had revelations from God that founded Islam | 17 | |
| 230936775 | (RS, 230) Muslim | An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who "submits" (in Arabic, Islam means "submission") to the will of God Had a strong common identity all around the world | 18 | |
| 230936776 | (R, 230) Islam | Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. In the tradition of Judaism and Christianity, and sharing much of their lore, Islam calls on all people to recognize one creator god-Allah-who rewards or punishes believers according to how they live their lives. Became a popular and wide-spread faith | 19 | |
| 230936777 | (RS, 230) Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. Where Muhammad and his followers fled to | 20 | |
| 230936778 | (SR, 230) Umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. Helped Muslims find each other and gain acceptance. | 21 | |
| 230936779 | (PR, 231) Caliphate | Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name if that empire. Fought to confirm authority | 22 | |
| 230936780 | (R, 231) Quran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. What Muslims believe to be the unalterable word of God. | 23 | |
| 230936781 | (RS, 232) Shi'ite's | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. A branch of Islam after the schism | 24 | |
| 230936782 | (PR, 232) Umayyad Caliphate | First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Ummayads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate. Initiated by Mu'awiya's son, Yazid | 25 | |
| 230936783 | (RS, 232) Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. A branch of Islam after the schism | 26 | |
| 230936784 | (PR, 234) Abbasid Caliphate | Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad from 750 to 1258. Were originally religious and good leaders | 27 | |
| 230936785 | (PESR, 234) Mamluks | Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria. Effective military force | 28 | |
| 230936786 | (PE, 235) Ghana | First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries CE. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. Earliest known sub-Saharan beneficiary ofnthe new exchange system | 29 | |
| 230936787 | (RI, 237) Ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. Against division of Islamic umma | 30 | |
| 230936788 | (RE, 239) Hadith | A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law. Helped Muslims live like Muhammad; WWMD? | 31 | |
| 230936789 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire | 32 | |
| 230936790 | Li Shimin | One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor. He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia | 33 | |
| 230936791 | Tang Empire | Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an | 34 | |
| 230936792 | Tributary System | A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknow | 35 | |
| 230936793 | Song Empire | Empire in southern China (1127-1279) while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics | 36 | |
| 230936794 | Junk | A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. | 37 | |
| 230936795 | Gunpowder | The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets | 38 | |
| 230936796 | Neo-Confucianism | Term used to describe new approaches to understanding classic Confucian texts that became the basic ruling philosophy of China from the Song period to the twentieth century | 39 | |
| 230936797 | Zen | The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Korean as son | 40 | |
| 230936798 | Movable Type | Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century | 41 | |
| 230936799 | Sui Empire | Reunited China using legalistic means: strong central government, harsh rules, forced labor. Built a Grand Canal | 42 | |
| 230936800 | Mahayana | One of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone (Great Vehicle) | 43 | |
| 230936801 | Empress Wu | Tang ruler 690-705 C.E. in China; supported Buddhism establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state of religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created | 44 | |
| 230936802 | Bodhisattvas | Future Buddhas. As the ideal types for Mahayana Buddhism, beings who have experienced enlightenment but, motivated by compassion, stop short of entering nirvana so as to help others achieve it | 45 | |
| 230936803 | Wuzong | Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology | 46 | |
| 230936804 | Huang Chao | Started violent rebellion against foreigners, Tang Empire never regained power | 47 | |
| 230936805 | Liao | The dynasty that ruled much of Manchuria and northeastern China from 947 to 1125 | 48 | |
| 230936806 | Cosmology | The metaphysical study of the origin and nature of the universe | 49 | |
| 230936807 | Shamanism | An animistic religion of northern Asia having the belief that the mediation between the visible and the spirit worlds is effected by shamans | 50 | |
| 230936808 | Koryo | Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259 | 51 | |
| 230936809 | Fujiwara | Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power | 52 | |
| 230936810 | Kamakura Shogunate | The first of Japan's decentralized military governments (1185-1333) | 53 | |
| 230936811 | Champa rice | Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state | 54 | |
| 230936812 | Srivijaya | A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes | 55 | |
| 230936813 | Flying Money | Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency | 56 | |
| 230936814 | Jurchens | Founders of Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south | 57 | |
| 230936815 | Footbinding | Practice in chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household | 58 | |
| 230936816 | Teotihuacan | A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100 B.C.E.- 750 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. | 59 | |
| 230936817 | chinampas | Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. | 60 | |
| 230936818 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. | 61 | |
| 230936819 | Toltecs | Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. | 62 | |
| 230936820 | Aztecs | Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. | 63 | |
| 230936821 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 125,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. | 64 | |
| 230936822 | tribute system | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. | 65 | |
| 230936823 | Anasazi | Important culture of what is now the southwest United States (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshiped in subterranean buildings called kivas. | 66 | |
| 230936824 | chiefdom | Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links. | 67 | |
| 230936825 | khipus | System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. | 68 | |
| 230936826 | ayllu | Andean lineage group or kin-based community. | 69 | |
| 230936827 | mit'a | Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. | 70 | |
| 230936828 | Moche | Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. | 71 | |
| 230936829 | Tiwanaku | City located in the Andean highlands. It was located at nearly 13,000 feet on the treeless plain near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia. Its culture was related to the culture of the Moche civilization. | 72 | |
| 230936830 | Wari | Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as a colony of Tiwanaku. | 73 | |
| 230936831 | Inca | Largest and most powerful Andean Empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. | 74 | |
| 230936832 | Calpolli | each with up to a hundred families; foundation of the altepetl, controlling land allocation, tax collections, and local religious life | 75 | |
| 230936833 | Altepetl | an ethnic state in ancient mesoamerica, the common political block of the region. The 450 city-states that made up the Aztec Empire; each included its own speaker or leader, own government, a palace for its ruler, a pyramid shaped temple, and a market | 76 | |
| 235974678 | Ali | the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites; he was a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; after his assination Islam was divided into Shiite and Sunnite sects | 77 | |
| 235974679 | Husayn | Grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali and Fatimah. He was martyred when refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I of the Umayyad Caliphate and especially revered by the Shi'a Muslims for this. Died at the battle of Karbala | 78 | |
| 235974680 | Imam | (Islam) the man who leads prayers in a mosque | 79 | |
| 235974681 | Ka'aba | the black-draped cubicle structure in Mecca which contains the black stone and which, according to legend, was first built by Abraham and his son Ishmael | 80 | |
| 235974682 | Ishmael | the son of Abraham who was cast out after the birth of Isaac, Abraham's son by Hagar, Sarah's servant. The founder of the Arab tribes | 81 | |
| 235974683 | Khadija | 555-619 AD, first wife of Muhammad, one of the "mothers of the believers" | 82 | |
| 235974684 | Hijra | The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam | 83 | |
| 235974685 | Abu Bakr | One of the 1st 4 caliphs. Father-in-law of Muhammad. A merchant. Spread Islam to all of Arabia. Restored peace after death of Muhammad; created code of cunduct in war; compiled Quran verses | 84 | |
| 236045812 | Fatimid dynasty | this dynasty was named after Muhammad's daughter, Fatima. It began in North Africa and spread across the Red Sea to western Arabia and Syria. They build their capital at Cairo. | 85 | |
| 236045813 | Maimonides | Jewish philosopher, tried to synthesize Aristotle and Judaism, influenced both Jewish and Christian thought, wrote "Commentary on the Mishna", "Mishneh Torah" | 86 | |
| 236045814 | Averroes | Spanish-Arabian philosopher and doctor, wrote and translated commentaries on Aristotle, emphasized the compatibility of faith and reason, said philosophical knowledge was derived from reason, strongly influenced medieval Christian scholars with his writings on Aristotle | 87 | |
| 236045815 | Sharia | Islamic law; defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance | 88 | |
| 236045816 | Madrasa | Muslim schools in Bangladesh and Pakistan | 89 | |
| 236045817 | Constantinople | Emperor Constantine, AD 330 moved the capital from Rome to the Greek city Byzantium in the east, and renamed the city. This city became the capital of the Roman empire. It was strategically located for trade and defense purposes. | 90 | |
| 236045818 | Theodora | the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt. | 91 | |
| 236045819 | Eastern Orthodox | The Christian religion of the Byzantine Empire in the middle east that formed from Christianity's schism between the remains of the western and eastern Roman Empire. The Christian church ruled by the Byzantine emperor and the patriarchs of various historically significant Christian centers/cities. | 92 | |
| 236045820 | Vladimir I | Ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity. | 93 | |
| 236045821 | Boyar | landowning noble in Russia under the czars | 94 | |
| 236045822 | Charles Martel | the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him. | 95 | |
| 236045823 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | 96 | |
| 236045824 | William the Conqueror | duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England | 97 | |
| 236045825 | Henry II | In 1154, He became king of England, broadened the system of royal justice by expanding accepted customs into law and establishing royal courts. Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine, father of King John | 98 | |
| 236045826 | Eleanor of Aquitaine | powerful French duchess; divorced the king of France to marry Henry II of England and ruled all of England and about half of France with him. | 99 | |
| 236045827 | Uighers | a member of a Turkish people dominant in Mongolia and eastern Turkestan from the 8th to 12th centuries a.d., and now living mainly in western China | 100 | |
| 236045828 | Tibet | country centered on the high, mountain-bounded plateau north of india. tibetan political power occasionally extended farther to the north and west between the 7th and 13th centuries | 101 | |
| 236045829 | Japanese | those who we consider the people of japan; not the original inhabitants (not ainu) but altaic (korean) | 102 | |
| 236045830 | Tenno/ emperor | hereditary head of state | 103 | |
| 236045831 | Samurai | class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land | 104 | |
| 236045832 | Annam | the name given by the Chinese to modern-day Vietnam meaning "peaceful" or pacified south. | 105 | |
| 236045833 | Champa | A state formerly located in what is now southern Vietnam. It was hostile to Annam and was annexed by Annam and destroyed as an independent entity in 1500. (p. 366) | 106 | |
| 236045834 | Quetzalcoatl | Aztec nature god, feathered serpent, his disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes | 107 | |
| 236045835 | Chaco Canyon | first millennium CE- southern New Mexico. An urban center established by Anasazi. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas. | 108 | |
| 236045836 | Mississippian | the last and most complex of the mound builder societies, inhabiting the ohio and the mississippi river vallies from about AD 700 into the 1500s. | 109 | |
| 236045837 | Cuzco | The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru | 110 |
