Terms : Hide Images
| 3629589795 | Zunghars | Western Mongol group that created a substantial state(1671-1760); the Zunghar threat provoked Qing expansion into Central Asia | 0 | |
| 3629592299 | yasak | Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native people of Siberia, most often in the form of furs | 1 | |
| 3629592809 | Siberia | Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals | 2 | |
| 3629593768 | settler colonies | Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply sending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America | 3 | |
| 3629593769 | Qing dynasty | Ruling dynasty of China(1644-1912); the Qing rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China | 4 | |
| 3629594650 | plantation complex | Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of British North America | 5 | |
| 3629595597 | peninsulares | In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas | 6 | |
| 3629595911 | Ottoman Empire | Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans the Near East, and much of North Africa | 7 | |
| 3629595912 | mulattoes | Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood | 8 | |
| 3629596468 | Mughal Empire | One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims | 9 | |
| 3629596469 | mestizo | Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas | 10 | |
| 3629596953 | mercantilism | An economic theory that argues that governments serve their states' economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion | 11 | |
| 3629597334 | jizya | Special tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states; the Mughal Empire was notable for abolishing the Jizya for a time | 12 | |
| 3629597961 | the "great dying" | Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas | 13 | |
| 3629598186 | fixed winds | The prevailing winds of the Atlantic, which blow steadily in the same direction; an understanding of these winds made European exploration and colonization of the Americas possible | 14 | |
| 3629598462 | devshirme | The tribute of male children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps | 15 | |
| 3629598463 | creoles | Spaniards born in the Americas | 16 | |
| 3629598982 | Constantinople 1453 | Constantinople, the capitol and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman invaders in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium | 17 | |
| 3629599332 | conquistadores | Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires | 18 | |
| 3629599589 | Columbian exchange | The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization | 19 | |
| 3629599977 | Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor(1658-1707) who reversed his predecessors' policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy | 20 | |
| 3629599978 | Akbar | The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire(1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion | 21 | |
| 3645997774 | trading post empire | Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples | 22 | |
| 3646002654 | Tokugawa shogunate | Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early seventeenth century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments | 23 | |
| 3646004608 | Spanish Philippines | An archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century of so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization; the Spanish named them the Philippine Islands in honor of King Philip II of Spain | 24 | |
| 3646004609 | "soft gold" | Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for those engaged in it | 25 | |
| 3646007907 | "silver drain" | Term often used, along with "specie drain", to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually, the bulk of the world's silver supply made its way to China | 26 | |
| 3646007908 | shogun | In Japan, a supreme military commander | 27 | |
| 3646009988 | samurai | The warrior elite of medieval Japan | 28 | |
| 3646009989 | Potosi | City that developed high in the Andes(in present-day Bolivia) a the site of the world's largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570's | 29 | |
| 3646012058 | piece of eight | Standard Spanish silver coin that became a medium of exchange in North America, Europe, India, Russia, and West Africa as well as in the Spanish Empire; so called because it was worth 8 reales | 30 | |
| 3646014373 | Middle Passage | Name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas | 31 | |
| 3646014374 | Manila | Capitol of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600 | 32 | |
| 3646016993 | Fardinand Magellan | Portuguese mariner who commanded the first European(Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe(1519-1521) | 33 | |
| 3646016994 | Little Ice Age | A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era | 34 | |
| 3646019397 | Indian Ocean commercial network | The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean(including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500 | 35 | |
| 3646019398 | Hurons | Native American people of northeastern North America who were heavily involved in the fur trade | 36 | |
| 3646021837 | daimyo | Feudal lords who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors | 37 | |
| 3646024056 | Dahomey | West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade | 38 | |
| 3646025712 | cartaz | A pass that the Portuguese required of all merchant vessels attempting to trade in the Indian Ocean | 39 | |
| 3646029318 | British/Dutch East India companies | Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples | 40 | |
| 3646030711 | Benin | West African kingdom(in what is now Nigeria) whose strong kings sharply limited engagement with the slave trade | 41 | |
| 3646032649 | Banda Islands | Infamous case of the Dutch forcible taking control of the spice trade; nearly the entire population of these nutmeg-producing islands was killed, enslaved, or left to starve and then replaced with Dutch planters | 42 | |
| 3646034267 | African diaspora | Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade | 43 | |
| 3706063275 | Wang Yangming | Prominent Chinese philosopher(1472-1529) who argued that it was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection, without the extensive education prescribed by traditional Confucianism | 44 | |
| 3706063289 | Wahhabi Islam | Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab(1703-1792) that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia(Islamic law) | 45 | |
| 3706065055 | Voltaire | Pen name of the French philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet(1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for his deism and his criticism of established religion | 46 | |
| 3706066697 | Thirty Years' War | Highly destructive war(1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia(1648) | 47 | |
| 3706067547 | Taki Onqoy | Literally, "dancing sickness"; religious revival movement in Central Peru(1560's) whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age | 48 | |
| 3706067548 | Society of Jesus | "Jesuits", this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe | 49 | |
| 3706069224 | Sikhism | Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak (1500); combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women | 50 | |
| 3706070480 | Scientific Revolution | Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method | 51 | |
| 3706133484 | Matteo Ricci | Most famous Jesuit missionary in China in early modern period; active in China 1582-1610 | 52 | |
| 3706133485 | Protestant Reformation | Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther ; while the leaders of movement claimed the seek "reformation" of Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenging Church authority and endorsement of salvation "by faith alone" | 53 | |
| 3706136596 | Ninety-Five Theses | List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg(1517); the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity | 54 | |
| 3706138074 | Isaac Newton | English natural scientist(1642-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution | 55 | |
| 3706138180 | Guru Nanak | Founder of Sikhism(1469-1539) | 56 | |
| 3706141778 | Mirabai | One of India's most beloved bhakti poets(1498-1547), she helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition | 57 | |
| 3706142092 | Karl Marx | German philosopher(1818-1883) whose view of human history as a class struggle formed the basis of socialism | 58 | |
| 3706144090 | Martin Luther | German priest and theologian(1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe | 59 | |
| 3706144091 | kaozheng | "research based on evidence"; Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied to historical documents | 60 | |
| 3706147282 | Jesuits in China | Series of Jesuit missionaries in late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite to Christianity, although with limited success | 61 | |
| 3706155493 | Huguenots | Protestant minority in France | 62 | |
| 3706155494 | huacas | Local gods of the Andes | 63 | |
| 3706155495 | Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer(1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church | 64 | |
| 3706157180 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis(1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today | 65 | |
| 3706157181 | European Enlightenment | European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and to the belief that knowledge could transform human society | 66 | |
| 3706159197 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion | 67 | |
| 3706159198 | deism | Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs | 68 | |
| 3706161068 | Charles Darwin | Highly influential English biologist(1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth | 69 | |
| 3706163117 | Council of Trent | Main instrument of Catholic Counter Reformation(1545-1563), through which the Catholic Church clarified doctrines and corrected abuses | 70 | |
| 3706163586 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish mathematician and astronomer(1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos | 71 | |
| 3706167205 | Condorcet and the idea of progress | The Marquis de Condorcet(1743-1794) was a French philosopher and mathematician who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improvability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept away by the triumph of reason | 72 | |
| 3706168783 | Catholic Counter-Reformation | An internal reform of Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent(1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrines, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability | 73 | |
| 3706168789 | bhakti | Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to to achieve union with the divine | 74 |
