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| 6041934072 | Azores and Madieras | Portuguese, in search for fresh resources to exploit and lands to cultivate, discovered these islands in the Atlantic and established sugar plantations. | 0 | |
| 6041934073 | motives for exploration | 1. Search for basic resources and lands to farm cash crops. 2. Desire to establish new trade routes to Asian markets. 3. Aspiration to expand Christianity. | 1 | |
| 6041934074 | Muslim intermediaries | Direct access to Asian markets without Muslim contact increased the quantities of Asian goods available in Europe. Maritime routes eliminated Muslim contact and offered more direct access to African markets which benefited European merchants. | 2 | |
| 6041934075 | naval technologies | The lateen sail, magnetic compass and astrolabe all benefited European maritime exploration and trade. | 3 | |
| 6041934076 | wind wheels | European mariners compiled knowledge about the winds and currents. Strong Atlantic and Pacific winds created wind wheels. This understanding of the wind led to improved naval technology. | 4 | |
| 6041934077 | volta do mar | "return through the sea". Portuguese mariners developed this strategy to sail from the Canaries to Portugal. | 5 | |
| 6041934078 | Vivaldi brothers | Departed from Genoa to sail around Africa in 1291 but failed. | 6 | |
| 6041934079 | Bartolomeu Dias | Rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 and entered the Indian Ocean. His route allowed European merchants to buy goods at the source, rather than from Muslim merchants. | 7 | |
| 6041934080 | Vasco da Gama | Departed Lisbon in 1497 to India. By 1500 the Portuguese had built a trading post at Calicut. | 8 | |
| 6041934081 | Christopher Columbus | Proposed sailing to India by a Western route. The Portuguese court declined his proposal out of skepticism and because Dias had pointed toward India in 1488. Fernando and Isabel of Spain agreed to sponsor Columbus' expedition and in 1492 he departed Spain. His explorations established links between the eastern and western hemispheres and paved the way for conquest, settlement, and exploitation of the Americas by European peoples. | 9 | |
| 6041934082 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who visited ports throughout the Indian Ocean and traveled to spice islands of Maluku. He decided to pursue Columbus' goal of establishing a western route to Asian waters. He circumnavigated the world (1519-1522) in the service of Spain. | 10 | |
| 6041934083 | Roald Amundsen | Traveled from the Atlantic to the Pacific by way of the north-west passage. | 11 | |
| 6041934084 | Sir Francis Drake | Scouted the west coast from Vancouver Island. By the mid-eighteenth century French mariners had joined English seafarers in exploring the Pacific Ocean. | 12 | |
| 6041934085 | Vitus Bering | Undertook two maritime expeditions in search of a northwest passage to Asian ports. In 1800 Russian mariners were scouting the Pacific Ocean as far south as Hawaii. | 13 | |
| 6041934086 | Captain James Cook | Led expeditions to the Pacific and died in a fight with the indigenous people of Hawaii. | 14 | |
| 6041934087 | trading post empire | Portuguese mariners built the earliest trading post empire. Their goal was to control trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there. | 15 | |
| 6041934088 | Afonso d'Alboquerque | Commander of Portuguese forces in the Indian Ocean during the early sixteenth century. He sought control of Indian Ocean trade by forcing all merchant ships to purchase safe-conduct passes and present them at Portuguese trading posts. Ships without passes were subject to confiscation. Violators were executed. He boasted about the Portuguese navy, which was an exaggeration because the Portuguese did not have enough vessels to enforce the commanders' orders. | 16 | |
| 6041934089 | joint stock companies | Enabled investors to realize profits while limiting the risk to their investments. English and Dutch merchants conducted trade through these companies. | 17 | |
| 6041934090 | English East India Company | Privately owned English joint stock company founded in 1600. | 18 | |
| 6041934091 | United East India Company (VOC) | Privately owned Dutch joint stock company founded in 1602. | 19 | |
| 6041934092 | Philippines | Spanish forces approached the Philippines in 1565 under the command of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. Islands named after King Philip II of Spain. | 20 | |
| 6041934093 | Manilla | Spanish policy in the Philippines revolved around trade and Christianity. This city emerged as a multicultural port city and the hub of Spanish commercial activity in Asia. Chinese merchants were prominent here and they supplied silk goods that were sent to Mexico. | 21 | |
| 6041934094 | Jan Pieterszoon Coen | In 1619 he founded Batavia on the island of Java to serve as an entrepôt for the VOC. His plan was to establish a VOC monopoly over spice production and trade, enabling the Dutch to reap enormous profits in European markets. | 22 | |
| 6041934095 | Russia | Controlled the Volga River and was in the prime location for trade with the Ottoman empire, Iran, and India. | 23 | |
| 6041934096 | Siberia | Frozen tundras and forests. Natives hunted, trapped, fished, and herded reindeer. Russians sought to exact tribute on the natives by forcing them to supply them with pelts. Over time, Siberian trading posts developed into Russian towns with Russian speaking populations who practiced Orthodox Christianity. | 24 | |
| 6041934097 | Stroganov family | Russian expansion in northeastern Eurasia and Siberia began in 1581 when the Stroganov family hired an adventurer named Yermak to capture the khanate of Siber in the Ural mountains. | 25 | |
| 6041934098 | the Seven Years' War | From 1756 to 1763 a global conflict emerged in Europe, India, the Caribbean, and North America. | 26 | |
| 6041934099 | the Columbian exchange | The global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease that took place after Columbus' voyages to the new world (biological exchange). Beginning in the early 1500s, infectious diseases brought population decline to the Americas and Pacific islands. | 27 | |
| 6041934100 | smallpox | Beginning in 1519, smallpox ravaged the Aztec empire and the population of Mexico declined by 90%. | 28 | |
| 6041934101 | Martin Luther | (1483-1546) He resented the policies of the Roman church. Benefited from the printing press, which arrived in Europe in the mid-1400s. He attacked the Roman church for abuses and called for a reform of Christendom. Advocated for a closure of monasteries; translation of the Bible from Latin into vernacular languages; end to priestly authority, including the authority of the pope. He rejected the authority of the church hierarchy and proclaimed that the Bible was the only source of Christian religious authority. | 29 | |
| 6041934102 | Protestant Reformation | In Germany, Luther's work fueled a movement to reform the church. During the 1520s and 1530s many important German cities passed laws prohibiting Roman Catholic observances and requiring all religious services to follow Protestant doctrine and procedures. | 30 | |
| 6041934103 | King Henry VIII | Lutherans and Protestants worked to build a following in England from the 1520s but faced resistance until King Henry VIII came into conflict with the pope. Henry severed relations with the Roman church and made himself the Supreme Head of the Anglican Church. By 1560 England had permanently left the Roman Catholic community. | 31 | |
| 6041934104 | John Calvin | (1509-1564) He converted to Protestant Christianity in the 1530s. He organized a Protestant community in Switzerland and worked with local officials to impose a strict code of morality and discipline in Geneva. He composed the Institutes of the Christian Religion, which codified Protestant teachings and presented them as a coherent and organized package. | 32 | |
| 6041934105 | the Council of Trent | An assembly of bishops, cardinals, and other high church officials who met between 1545 and 1563 to address matters of doctrine and reform. They drew heavily on Thomas Aquinas' teachings. The council demanded that church authorities observe strict standards of morality and it required them to establish schools and seminaries in their districts to prepare priests. | 33 | |
| 6041934106 | the Society of Jesus | Members of the Society of Jesus, known as Jesuits, completed a rigorous education and made effective missionaries. | 34 | |
| 6041934107 | witch-hunting | During the late fifteenth century, theologians developed a theory that witches derived their powers from the devil and witchcraft became an explanation for any unpleasant turn of events. | 35 | |
| 6041934108 | King Philip II | In 1588 King Philip II of Spain attempted to force England to return to Roman Catholicism by sending the Spanish Armada to dethrone Protestant Queen Elizabeth, but failed. | 36 | |
| 6041934109 | the United Provinces | Religious convictions aggravated relations between the Netherlands and Spain and fueled the revolt of Dutch provinces from the King of Spain. By 1610 the seven northern provinces had won their independence and formed a republic known as the United Provinces. | 37 | |
| 6041934110 | Thirty Years' War | The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) opened after the Holy Roman emperor attempted to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic church. The motives that prompted war were political, economic, and religious. The war damaged economies and societies throughout Europe and led to the deaths of about a third of the German population. At the beginning it was Catholics vs. Protestants. At the end it was an attempt to challenge Habsburg power (Spanish power). Primarily used Mercenary armies - paid soldiers (not fighting "for country") | 38 | |
| 6041934111 | Charles V | After 1438 the Habsburg family dominated the Holy Roman Empire. Charles V inherited authority over the Habsburgs' Austrian domains as well as the duchy of Burgundy and Spain. Charles V abdicated his throne and retired to a monastery in Spain in 1556. King Philip II of Spain took control of Charles' holdings. Ferdinand inherited the Habsburg family lands in Austria and the imperial throne. | 39 | |
| 6041934112 | new monarchs | The "new monarchs" of England, France, and Spain marshaled their resources, curbed the nobility, and built strong centralized regimes during the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Henry VII of England, Louis XI and Francis I of France, and Fernando and Isabel of Spain. | 40 | |
| 6041934113 | the Spanish Inquisition | Founded by Fernando and Isabel in 1478. Their original goal was to banish Jews and Muslims, but Charles V charged it with responsibility also for detecting Protestant heresy in Spain. | 41 | |
| 6041934114 | constitutional states | England and the Dutch republic did not have written constitutions specifying the powers of the state, but during the seventeenth century they evolved governments that claimed limited powers and recognized rights pertaining to individuals and representative institutions. In England a constitutional monarchy emerged, following a civil war. In the Netherlands a republic emerged, following a struggle for independence. | 42 | |
| 6041934115 | the English Civil War | Political and religious disputes led to the English Civil War (1642-1649) From the early seventeenth century, the English kings had tried to institute new taxes without approval of the parliament. These issues were aggravated by religious disagreements. As Anglicans, the kings supported a church with ornate ceremonies and a hierarchy of bishops working under the authority of the monarchs themselves. The boldest and most insistent voices within parliament belonged to zealous Calvinists known as Puritans because they sought to purify the English church. | 43 | |
| 6041934116 | Oliver Cromwell | Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) captured Charles tried him for tyranny, and beheaded him. Cromwell's Puritan regime took power but soon degenerated into a dictatorship, which promoted parliament to restore the monarchy in 1660. | 44 | |
| 6041934117 | the Glorious Revolution | A bloodless change of power known as the Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) took place when parliament deposed King James II and invited Mary and William of Orange to assume the throne. | 45 | |
| 6041934118 | King Louis XIV | (1643-1715) He epitomized royal absolutism ("God's lieutenants upon earth"). Built Versailles during the 1670s and moved his court there in the 1680s. Promulgated laws and controlled a large standing army that kept order throughout the land. Promoted economic development by supporting the establishment of new industries, building roads and canals, abolishing tariffs, and encouraging exports. Waged a series of wars designed to enlarge French boundaries and establish France as the preeminent power in Europe. | 46 | |
| 6041934119 | Peter I | Known as Peter the Great reformed Russia by western European standards. He reformed the army, ordered aristocrats to study math and geometry, reestablished beauty standards, and built St. Petersburg in 1703 to serve as the capital for Russia. | 47 | |
| 6041934120 | Catherine II | (1762-1796) She sought to make Russia a great power. She divided the empire into fifty provinces, promoted economic development, and worked to improve conditions for Russia's peasantry. | 48 | |
| 6041934121 | the Peace of Westphalia | Ended the Thirty Years War in 1648. Laid the foundations for a system of independent, competing states. By the treaty's terms they regarded one another as sovereign and equal. They also mutually recognized their rights to organize their own domestic affairs, including religious affairs. | 49 | |
| 6041934122 | capitalism | Emerged as an economic system in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market and seek to take advantage of market conditions to profit from their activities. Encouraged European entrepreneurs to organize new ways to manufacture goods. Profit-making activity was seen as morally dangerous by medieval theologians. Church officials even attempted to forbid the collection of interest on loans, since they considered interest an unearned and immoral profit. | 50 | |
| 6041934123 | putting out system | Entrepreneurs devised a system by which they delivered unfinished materials such as raw wool to rural households. Men and women would process the wool and assemble the pieces into garments. The entrepreneur would pay workers for their services. | 51 | |
| 6041934124 | Adam Smith | (1723-1790) He held that society would prosper when individuals pursued their own economic interests. | 52 | |
| 6041934125 | the nuclear family | Independent households that increased their wealth by cultivating agricultural crops or producing goods for sale on the market | 53 | |
| 6041934126 | Ptolemy | European astronomers had based their understandings of the universe on the work of Ptolemy. He composed a work known as the Almagest that synthesized theories about the universe. | 54 | |
| 6041934127 | Copernicus | In 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus published a treatise On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres that argued that the sun stood at the center of the universe and that the planets revolved around the sun. His ideas challenged religious beliefs and implied that the earth was just another planet and human beings did not occupy the center of the universe. | 55 | |
| 6041934128 | Galileo Galilei | The work of Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei changed the accepted perspective on the universe. Kepler demonstrated that planetary orbits are elliptical not circular. Galileo showed that the heavens were a world of change, flux, and unsuspected sights. He took the telescope to report observations. He noticed four of the moons that orbit Jupiter. | 56 | |
| 6041934129 | Isaac Newton | (1642-1727) He outlined his views on the natural world in Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy. He argued that the law of universal gravitation regulates the motions of bodies throughout the universe, and offered mathematical explanations for the laws that governed movements. | 57 | |
| 6041934130 | enlightenment thinking | Enlightenment thinkers sought to discover natural laws that governed human society in the same way that Isaac Newton's laws regulated the universe. | 58 | |
| 6041934131 | John Locke | (1632-1704) He worked to discover natural laws of politics. He attacked divine right theories that served as a foundation for absolute monarchy and advocated constitutional government on the grounds that sovereignty resides in the people rather than the state or its rulers. | 59 | |
| 6041934132 | Voltaire | Voltaire championed individual freedom and attacked any institution sponsoring intolerant or oppressive policies. | 60 | |
| 6041934133 | the Taíno | The most prominent people in the Caribbean upon Spanish arrival. Showed interest in the goods that Spanish mariners brought as trade goods and offered little initial resistance to the Spanish. The Spanish compelled the Taíno to work in their mines and fields. They occasionally organized rebellions; by 1515 social disruption had brought decline to Taíno populations. | 61 | |
| 6041934134 | Hispaniola | Columbus and his followers made this island the base of Spanish operations in the Caribbean. | 62 | |
| 6041934135 | encomienda system | The encomenderos compelled natives to work for the Spanish. In exchange for labor, the Spanish took over the workers' health and encouraged them to convert to Christianity. From the 1520s to 1540s the encomienda system led to abuse of indigenous peoples. As the encomienda system went out of use, Spanish landowners resorted to a system of debt peonage to recruit labor for their haciendas. | 63 | |
| 6041934136 | smallpox | Encomenderos launched raiding parties to kidnap and enslave the Taíno and other peoples to replace laborers lost to smallpox. The native population dropped from four million to a few thousand. Native societies were wiped out. | 64 | |
| 6041934137 | Hernán Cortés | The conquest of Mexico began in 1519 when Cortés led about 450 soldiers to Mexico and the Aztec empire on an expedition to search for gold. They seized the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan; Aztec forces soon drove the conquistadores from Tenochtitlan. Cuauhtémoc, the nephew and son-in-law of Motecuzoma emerged as the last Aztec emperor. | 65 | |
| 6041934138 | Francisco Pizarro | He led a Spanish expedition from Central America to Peru and set out in 1530. His forces took the Inca capital at Cuzco by 1533 and killed the Inca ruler. | 66 | |
| 6041934139 | viceroy | The Spanish king's representatives in the Americas. The kings of Spain subjected them to reviews known as audiencias. Audiencias heard appeals against the viceroys' decisions and policies and had the right to address their concerns to the Spanish king. | 67 | |
| 6041934140 | the Treaty of Tordesillas | (1494) Divided South America so Spain could claim areas to the west and Portugal could claim some lands to the east. | 68 | |
| 6041934141 | colonies | In the early seventeenth century the Spanish began to plant permanent colonies on the North American mainland. French settlers established colonies at Port Royal and Quebec. English migrants founded Jamestown in 1607 and the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. Dutch entrepreneurs built a settlement at New Amsterdam in 1623. | 69 | |
| 6041934142 | mestizo societies | Migrants entered into relationships with indigenous women, which gave rise to a mixed society. | 70 | |
| 6041934143 | Zambos | Children born of indigenous and African parents. | 71 | |
| 6041934144 | peninsulares | Migrants born in Europe or those from the Iberian Peninsula (top of social hierarchy). | 72 | |
| 6041934145 | creoles | Those born in the Americas of Iberian parents. | 73 | |
| 6041934146 | French fur traders | Associated with native women and generated métis in regions around forts and trading posts. | 74 | |
| 6041934147 | silver mining | Silver production concentrated in northern Mexico and the Zacatecas in the Andes. a. Most silver made its way across the Atlantic to Spain and markets throughout Europe and from there it was traded for silk, spices, and porcelain. Manila galleons transferred some silver as well. | 75 | |
| 6041934148 | mita system | Spanish authorities annually required each native village to send one seventh of its male population to work for four months in the silver mines at Potosí. | 76 | |
| 6041934149 | quinto | Spanish government reserved a fifth of the silver production for itself. | 77 | |
| 6041934150 | the Pueblo Revolt (Popé's Rebellion) | (1680) The organized killing of priests and colonists that occurred in northern Mexico. The goal of the revolt was to drive Spanish settlers out of the region and they successfully did so for twelve years. | 78 | |
| 6041934151 | engenho | Colonial Brazilian life revolved around the sugar mill. Engenho represented the complex of land, labor, buildings, animals, capital, and technical skills related to the production of sugar. | 79 | |
| 6041934152 | Portuguese slavery | Portuguese colonists turned to slave labor in the 1530s and began to rely on it in the 1580s. | 80 | |
| 6041934153 | slavery in North America | In 1619 Africans reached Virginia as indentured servants and over time Virginia recognized all blacks as slaves. After 1680 planters replaced indentured servants with African slaves. | 81 | |
| 6041934154 | Songhay Empire | By the fifteenth century, the state of Songhay emerged to take Mali's place as the dominant power in western Africa. Based in the trading city of Gao. In 1464 the Songhay ruler Sunni Ali consolidated the Songhay empire. Took control of trading cities Timbuktu and Jenne. | 82 | |
| 6041934155 | Sunni Alli | Songhay ruler who appointed governors to oversee provinces and instituted a hierarchy of command that turned his army into a military force. | 83 | |
| 6041934156 | Kongo | An increasing volume of commerce encouraged state-building in central Africa and south Africa. Kongo rulers build a centralized state with officials overseeing military, judicial, and financial affairs. By the late fifteenth century Kongo embraced much of the modern-day Republic of Congo and Angola. Portuguese merchants established a close political and diplomatic relationship with the kings of Kongo. | 84 | |
| 6041934157 | kings of Kongo | Kings of Kongo converted to Christianity to establish closer commercial relations with Portuguese merchants and diplomatic relationships with the Portuguese monarchy. | 85 | |
| 6041934158 | King Afonso I | Became a devout Roman Catholic and sought to convert all his converts to Christianity. | 86 | |
| 6041934159 | Kongo slave raiding | Portuguese embarked on slaving expeditions or made alliances with local Kongo authorities, some of which were enemies of the kings of Kongo which undermined the kings' authority. | 87 | |
| 6041934160 | Ndongo | During the sixteenth century, Ndongo had grown from a small chiefdom subject to the kings of Kongo to a powerful regional kingdom. Portuguese merchants founded a small coastal colony in Ndongo as early as 1575. Portuguese forces campaigned in Ndongo in an effort to establish a colony that would support large scale slave trade. | 88 | |
| 6041934161 | Queen Nzinga | Queen of Angola who led resistance against Portuguese forces for forty years. She came from a long line of warrior kings and she dressed as a male warrior when leading troops. She mobilized central African peoples against her Portuguese adversaries and allied with Dutch mariners. Her aim was to expel the Portuguese from her land, then the Dutch, and finally create a central African empire. | 89 | |
| 6041934162 | Angola | Portuguese forces extended their control over Angola, making it the first European colony in sub-Saharan Africa. | 90 | |
| 6041934163 | regional kingdoms | In South Africa, regional kingdoms dominated political affairs and had begun to emerge as early as the eleventh century. | 91 | |
| 6041934164 | Great Zimbabwe | By 1300 rulers built a massive city known as Great Zimbabwe in south Africa. | 92 | |
| 6041934165 | Cape Town | Dutch mariners built a trading post here in 1652. By 1700 large numbers of Dutch colonists had begun to arrive in south Africa and by midcentury they had established settlements throughout the region. | 93 | |
| 6041934166 | Islam in Africa | Islam was popular in the commercial centers of West Africa and the Swahili city-states of east Africa. | 94 | |
| 6041934167 | syncretic brand of Islam | Made a place for African beliefs in spirits and magic and also permitted men and women to associate with each other on much more familiar terms than was common in north Africa, Arabia, and southwest Asia. | 95 | |
| 6041934168 | the Fulani | Originally pastoral people who for centuries kept herds of cattle in the savannas of west Africa. Settled in cities where they observed a strict form of Islam like that practiced in north Africa and Arabia. Beginning around 1680 and continuing through the nineteenth century they led military campaigns to establish Islamic states and impose their brand of Islam in west Africa. | 96 | |
| 6041934169 | Christianity in Africa | Christianity made compromises with traditional beliefs and customs. Portuguese community in Kongo and Angola supported priests and missionaries who introduced Roman Catholic Christianity to central AFrica. | 97 | |
| 6041934170 | the Anatolian Movement | Syncretic cult which flourished in the early eighteenth century in Kongo when the Kolognese monarchy faced challenges throughout the realm. | 98 | |
| 6041934171 | Dona Beatriz | Started the Anatolian Movement in 1704. She gained a reputation for working miracles and curing diseases. Movement was a challenge to the Christian missionaries in Kongo. | 99 | |
| 6041934172 | manioc | The most important American crop in Africa. It had a high yield and thrived in tropical soil. | 100 | |
| 6041934173 | slavery in Africa | Slavery was common throughout Africa after the Bantu migrations spread agriculture to all parts of the continent. African slaves worked as cultivators, administrators, soldiers, or advisors. African law did not recognize private property but vested ownership of land in communities. | 101 | |
| 6041934174 | kinship groups | Africans purchased slaves to enlarge their families and enhance their power. They assimilated slaves into their kinship groups so that within a generation a slave might obtain both freedom and an honorable position in a new clan or family. | 102 | |
| 6041934175 | Islamic slave trade | After the eighth century, Muslim merchants sought slaves for sale and distribution. | 103 | |
| 6041934176 | Atlantic System / triangle trade | On the first leg, horses and European manufactured goods were exchanged in Africa for slaves. On the second leg, enslaved Africans were taken to the Caribbean and American destinations. Upon arrival merchants sold their slaves to plantation owners. On the third leg, American products were brought back to Europe. | 104 | |
| 6041934177 | middle passage | The trans-Atlantic journey aboard filthy and crowded slave ships. Journey took six weeks. | 105 | |
| 6041934178 | sex ratios | Slave trade distorted African sex ratios since 2/3 of those exported were male. This imbalance encouraged polygamy. | 106 | |
| 6041934179 | cash crops | Sugar was one of the most lucrative cash crops. During the early seventeenth century tobacco, rice, and indigo were also prominent. | 107 | |
| 6041934180 | maroons | Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous or swampy regions and built their own communities. | 108 | |
| 6041934181 | creole languages | Slave language that drew on several African and European languages. (gumbo and okra). | 109 | |
| 6041934182 | syncretic faiths (voodoo) | Most Africans and African Americans practiced a faith that made room for African interests and traditions. These faiths drew inspiration from Christianity but also preserved African traditions. | 110 | |
| 6041934183 | Olaudah Equiano | (1745-1797) Published an autobiography which detailed his experiences as a slave and a freed man. | 111 | |
| 6041934184 | Ming Dynasty | (1368-1644) Restored native rule to China when the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty collapsed. | 112 | |
| 6041934185 | Hongwu | Founder of the Ming dynasty; drove the Mongols out of China and built a tightly centralized state. | 113 | |
| 6041934186 | Emperor Yongle | (1403-1424) He launched naval expeditions that sailed through the Indian Ocean. Ming emperors were determined to prevent new invasions so in 1421 he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. | 114 | |
| 6041934187 | Great Wall of China | Ming emperors sought to protect the empire by building new fortifications. First emperor of the Win dynasty had begun to construct the wall during the third century but it was largely a Ming dynasty project. | 115 | |
| 6041934188 | return of Chinese tradition | Ming emperors sought to eradicate Mongol and foreign influences and to create a stable society in the image of the Chinese past, including Confucianism and civil service exams. | 116 | |
| 6041934189 | pirates and smugglers | From the 1520s to the 1560s pirates and smugglers operated along the east coast of China. | 117 | |
| 6041934190 | Forbidden City | Ming emperors lived in this city and often ignored their administrative duties. | 118 | |
| 6041934191 | Manchus | Manchu forces invaded from the north to expand into China and in 1644 rebel forces captured Beijing. Manchus neglected to restore Ming rule and instead displaced the dynasty. | 119 | |
| 6041934192 | Manchuria | Manchus entered China from Manchuria ad proclaimed a new dynasty, the Qing. | 120 | |
| 6041934194 | Qing dynasty | Ruled China from 1644 to 1911. During the 1620s and 1630s the Manchu army expelled Ming garrisons in Manchuria, captured Korea and Mongolia, and launched invasions into China. By the early 1680s they had consolidated the Qing dynasty. | 121 | |
| 6041934195 | Kangxi | 1661-1733 Qing emperor and Confucian scholar. He patronized Confucian schools and academics. Oversaw the construction of the Qing empire. Projected Chinese influence influence into central Asia. | 122 | |
| 6041934196 | Qianlong | 1736-1795 Qing emperor. His reign marked the height of the Qing dynasty. Paid less attention to imperial affairs and delegated responsibilities to eunuchs. | 123 | |
| 6041934197 | "sons of Heaven" | Emperors were seen as humans designated by heavenly powers to maintain order on earth. | 124 | |
| 6041934198 | scholar gentry class | Scholar bureaucrats were appointed by the emperor and came from this class. | 125 | |
| 6041934199 | civil service examinations | Only open to males. Official quotas restricted the number of successful candidates in each examination. This system promoted upward social mobility. | 126 | |
| 6041934200 | Filial piety | Implied duties of children toward their fathers as well as loyalty of subjects toward the emperor. | 127 | |
| 6041934201 | patrilineal descent groups | Chinese family extended into groups such as the clan. Clan members came from all social classes, though members of the gentry dominated their clans. | 128 | |
| 6041934202 | infanticide | Chinese parents preferred boys over girls; girls were regarded as a social and financial liability so they were frequently victims of infanticide. | 129 | |
| 6041934203 | foot binding | Originated in the Song dynasty. Became more widespread among wealthy classes because it demonstrated an ability to support women who could not perform physical labor. | 130 | |
| 6041934204 | Zheng He | During the early 1400s emperor Yongle sent this explorer on a series of maritime expeditions to establish Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean basin. | 131 | |
| 6041934205 | commercial market | After the mid-sixth century the Chinese economy benefited from the influx of Japanese and American silver which stimulated trade and financed further commercial expansion. | 132 | |
| 6041934206 | Chinese maritime expeditions | After Yongle's rule, Ming emperors discouraged maritime activity as well as the organization of trading firms like the VOC. | 133 | |
| 6041934207 | Chinese technological innovation | Slowed by Ming times. Ming and Qing regimes favored political and social stability over technological innovation. | 134 | |
| 6041934208 | mean people | Included slaves, indentured servants, prostitutes, entertainers, etc. | 135 | |
| 6041934209 | Zhu Xi | Combined the moral, ethical, and political values of Confucius with the logical rigor and speculative power of Buddhist philosophy. Emphasized self-discipline, filial piety, and obedience to rulers. | 136 | |
| 6041934210 | Hanlin Academy | Research institution for Confucian scholars in Beijing. | 137 | |
| 6041934211 | Jesuits | The most prominent missionaries in China were the Jesuits who worked to strengthen Roman Catholic Christianity in Europe and also to spread their faith abroad. | 138 | |
| 6041934212 | Matteo Ricci | Italian Jesuit (1552-1610) who had the goal of converting China to Christianity. | 139 | |
| 6041934213 | shogun | From the twelfth through the sixteenth century a shogun ruled Japan through retainers who received political rights in exchange for military services. Sought to monopolize power. | 140 | |
| 6041934214 | era of sengoku | Period of civil war in Japan after the fourteenth century. | 141 | |
| 6041934215 | Tokugawa bakufu | The last of the chieftains, Tokugawa Ieyasu established this military style government. | 142 | |
| 6041934216 | Tokugawa Ieyasu | Him and his descendants ruled the bakufu as shoguns from 1600 until the end of the Tokugawa dynasty in 1867. Principal aim of the Tokugawa shoguns was to stabilize their realm and prevent the return of civil war. | 143 | |
| 6041934217 | daimyo | Shoguns controlled these "great names", who were powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan. | 144 | |
| 6041934218 | marriage alliances | Shoguns subjected these alliances between daimyo powers to bakufu approval. | 145 | |
| 6041934219 | Buddhism | Common people embraced this religion which had come to Japan from China. | 146 | |
| 6041934220 | neo-Confucianism (not a syncretic faith) | Tokugawa promoted Zhu Xi's Confucianism. By the early eighteenth century it had become the official ideology of the Tokugaway bakufu. | 147 | |
| 6041934221 | floating worlds | Ukiyo; entertainment centers where teahouses, theaters, etc. offered escape from social responsibilities and the rigid rules of conduct that governed public behavior in Tokugaway society. | 148 | |
| 6041934222 | Dutch learning | Dutch merchants trading at Nagasaki became Japan's principal source of information about Europe and the world beyond east Asia. | 149 | |
| 6041934223 | Ottoman empire | Successful frontier state. Ottoman derived from Osman Bey, founder of the dynasty. Osman was bey of a band of semi-nomadic Turks who migrated to northwestern Anatolia in the 1200s. | 150 | |
| 6041934224 | ghazi | Osman and his followers sought to become religious warriors. | 151 | |
| 6041934225 | holy war | The Ottomans' location on the borders of the Byzantine empire afforded them ample opportunity to wage holy war. | 152 | |
| 6041934226 | Bursa | In 1326 the Ottomans captured this Anatolian city, which became the capital of the Ottoman principality. | 153 | |
| 6041934227 | three forces | Ottoman military leaders organized ghazi recruits into a light cavalry, a volunteer infantry, and a professional cavalry force equipped with heavy armor and financed by land grants. | 154 | |
| 6041934228 | devshirme | The Ottomans required the Christian population of the Balkans to contribute young boys to become slaves of the sultan. | 155 | |
| 6041934229 | Janissaries | Those who became soldiers. They quickly gained the reputation for esprit de corps, loyalty to the sultan. | 156 | |
| 6041934230 | Capture of Constantinople | In 1453 Mehmed II, Mehmed the Conqueror, captured Constantinople, leading to the creation of the new Ottoman capital. | 157 | |
| 6041934231 | Mehmed II, Mehmed the Conqueror | The ruler of "two lands" and "two seas". He laid the foundation for a tightly centralized, absolute monarchy, and his army faced no serious rival. | 158 | |
| 6041934232 | Sultan Selim the Grim | Occupied Syria and Egypt from 1512 to 1520. | 159 | |
| 6041934233 | Süleyman the Magnificant | Ottoman imperialism climaxed during his reign from 1520 to 1566. He promoted Ottoman expansion both in southwest Asia and Europe. The Ottomans became a naval power and Süleyman was able to challenge Christian vessels throughout the Mediterranean as well as Portuguese fleets in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. | 160 | |
| 6041934234 | Ismail | Entered Tabriz at the head of an army and laid claim to the Ancient Persian imperial title of shah. The Shah Ismail proclaimed that the official religion of his realm would Twelver Shiism. | 161 | |
| 6041934235 | Twelver Shiism | The official religion of Shah Ismail's realm. Him and his successors controlled accounts of their rise to power and traced their ancestry back to Safi al-Din, leader of a Sufi religious order in northwestern Persia. | 162 | |
| 6041934236 | twelve infallible imams | Twelver Shiism held that there had been twelve religious leaders after Muhammad, beginning with Ali. The twelfth hidden imam had gone into hiding in 874 to escape persecution but the Twelver Shiites believed he would one-day return to take power and spread his true religion. (quizilbash) | 163 | |
| 6041934238 | Persian bureaucracy | The Safavid rulers relied more heavily than Ismail on the Persian bureaucracy and its administration. Ismail's successors abandoned the Safavid ideology that associated the emperor with Allah in favor of more conventional Twelver Shiism. | 164 | |
| 6041934239 | Shah Abbas the Great | Revitalized the Safavid empire. He moved the capital to Isfahan, encouraged trade, and reformed the administrative and military institutions of the empire. | 165 | |
| 6041934240 | "slaves of the royal household" | Shah Abbas the Great incorporated "slaves of the royal household" into the army, increased the use of gunpowder, and sought European assistance against the Ottomans and the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf. | 166 | |
| 6041934241 | Zahir al-Din Muhammad, Babur the Tiger | A Chaghatai Turk who claimed descent from Chinggis Khan and Tamerlane. He appeared in northern India. His ambition was to transform his inheritance into a central Asian empire. Took Delhi in 1526. | 167 | |
| 6041934242 | Akbar | Babur's grandson took over the Mughal empire in 1556. Created a centralized administrative structure with ministries regulating the various provinces of the empire. His military campaigns consolidated Mughal power. He pursued a policy of religious toleration that would reduce tensions between Hindus and Muslims. He encouraged the "divine faith" | 168 | |
| 6041934243 | divine faith | Akbar encouraged this syncretic religion that focused attention on the emperor as a ruler common to all the religious, ethnic, and social groups of India. | 169 | |
| 6041934244 | Aurangzeb | The Mughal empire reached its greatest extent under this ruler. He waged a campaign to push Mughal authority deep into southern India. He faced rebellions throughout his reign, and religious tensions generated conflicts between Muslims and Hindus. Imposed a jizya on the Hindus. | 170 | |
| 6041934245 | the kanun | The Ottoman sultans issued legal edicts issued by the Süleyman. | 171 | |
| 6041934246 | Shah Ismail | Forced his Shiite religion on his subjects. Issued a decree in 1579 that claimed broad authority in religious matters and promoted his own religion which glorified the emperor. | 172 | |
| 6041934247 | family controversies | Conflicts among Mughal princes and sons against fathers were recurrent throughout the empire. | 173 | |
| 6041934248 | Sultan Murad IV | Outlawed coffee and tobacco. | 174 | |
| 6041934249 | Aleppo | Became an emporium for foreign merchants engaged in spice trade. | 175 | |
| 6041934250 | Portuguese Goa | The center of a Christian mission in Egypt. Priests at Goa sought to attract converts to Christianity and established schools that promoted religious instruction for Indian children. | 176 | |
| 6041934251 | Sihks | Akbar supported the efforts of early Sihks who combined Hinduism and Islam by attempting to elaborate his own "divine faith" that emphasized loyalty to the empire while borrowing from different religious traditions. | 177 | |
| 6041934252 | dhimmi | Islamic empires extended this status to conquered peoples in return for their loyalty and payment of the jizya. | 178 | |
| 6041934253 | millet | Autominous religious communities that retained their civil laws, traditions, and languages and practiced their protected religions. | 179 | |
| 6041962569 | Joeson dynasty | Korean vassal state that had close ties to the Ming dynasty. | 180 | |
| 6041968284 | Imjin War | (1592-1598) War between Japan and Korea. Hideyoshi invaded Korea and decimated the Korean peninsula. | 181 |
