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| 5512176046 | Prince Henry of Portugal/Henry the Navigator | 3rd son of king of Portugal led attack on Ceuta(muslim city that portuguese captured) devoted his life to exploration found research center to study navigation that built on efforts of Italian merchants and jewish cartographers (program) collected geographical info. from sailors and travelers, sponsored new expeditions to explore, improved navigational instruments: magnetic compass, astrolabe | 0 | |
| 5512177286 | Ignatius of Loyola | spanish nobleman who started catholic reformation | 1 | |
| 5512178598 | Martin Luther | protestant who started the protestant reformation, believed salvation resulted from religious faith, not by "doing certain things" | 2 | |
| 5512179042 | Vasco de Gama | portuguese sailor who sailed around Africa and reached India stopped by storms of the Atlantic | 3 | |
| 5512180296 | Nicholas Copernicus | discovered that sun was the center of our universe and other terrestrial objects revolve around it | 4 | |
| 5512182488 | John Locke and his arguments on government | enlightenment pro advocate "if monarchs overstepped the law, citizens had the right and duty to rebel" | 5 | |
| 5512184614 | Spanish viceroys | king's representatives b/c communication was difficult, viceroys operated independently set up govt. in urban areas and members of bureaucracy lived nearby | 6 | |
| 5512185262 | Jesuits | society of Jesus founded as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of protestantism and spread catholicism The Society of Jesus role- stem political tide from teaching and preaching, gained converts from missions in asia, africa, and Americas | 7 | |
| 5512187358 | Safavid Empire | Grew from Turkish nomadic group (similar to Ottomans) Declared the official religion to be Twelver Shi'ism based on the legacy of the Hidden Imam As Safavids expanded they came into conflict with Ottomans Safavids slaughtered, Ottomans won decisive victory but didn't follow up due to approaching winter. Safavids recovered, built up artillery, and continued to fight Ottomans for two centuries Shah Abbas I - Safavids at peak Captures boys in Russia and educated to be soldiers; converted to Islam (similar to Janissaries) Slave infantrymen trained to use firearms Gave increasing power at the expense of the traditional qizilbash Safavid rulers based authority on military prowess and religious authority Traced authority to Sufi religious order Expansion seen as extension of Islam to new lands Saw the Europeans as infidels Also believe that defeating the Sunni was an act of faith Persian traditions shaped by Safavid political system Sumptuous palaces Highly ritualized court Local mosque officials, mullahs, supervised and supported by state Gave government the upper hand Shahs supported trade Isfahan (capital) major center of international trade Network of road and workshops to manufacture textiles and rugs Inland - not as many traders as Istanbul, Guilds, Silk production, Carpets - signature business Also negatively impacted by inflation caused by flood of silver Not cosmopolitan Majority of people lived in rural areas, farming Mixture of Turkish and Persian Safavid domes decorated in brightly colored floral patterns that resemble Persian carpets Blended Sufi mysticism with militant political objectives Safavids traced ancestry to Safi al-Din, leader of Sufi religious order in NW Persia; empire founded on Sufi beliefs Ismail deployed armies to spread Shi'ism w/an emphasis on mystic union w/God Later Safavid shahs banned Sufi orders from the empire but Sufism continued to thrive Like the Ottomans, Safavids gradually lost vigor Collapsed in the 1720s Victim of Islamic infighting and ever-growing dominance of sea-based powers creoles whites born in America to European parents | 8 | |
| 5512192445 | Indentured Servants | a migrant to british colonies in the americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from 4-7 yrs. | 9 | |
| 5512193047 | Mughal Empire | founded in 1523 by Babur Dominated until the early 1700s (continued to rule in name until 1858) 1450 - much of Indian subcontinent tenuously controlled by the Delhi Sultanate Military strategies responsible for success in capturing Delhi reached its height in power and influence under Babur's grandson Akbar Babur's invasion motivated by Loss of ancestral homeland through intertribal warfare Dreams of living up to reputation of ancestors Autocratic (like Ottoman and Safavid) Power based on military might and religious authority No navy (like Safavids), relied on army Fought the infidels (the Hindu) spreading Islam Some more tolerant (Akbar) Succession issues (like Ottomans and Safavids); Mughal princes fought each other to become heir Political instabilities caused by family controversies always threatened the empire Akbar incorporated rajas (regional Hindu leaders) into military and bureaucratic positions to alleviate tensions Policy of cooperation and encouraged intermarriage Abolished jizra Ended ban on the building of new Hindu temples Ordered Muslims to respect cows Built strong bureaucracy modeled on a military hierarchy for collecting taxes Each region surveyed and tax rates based on the region's potential for wealth Most local officials (usually Hindu) kept positions if swore allegiance to Mughals and paid taxes Reforms encouraged cooperation; great grandson Aurangzeb reinstituted many restrictions on the Hindus Land revenue granted to military and government officials in exchange for service (also in the Ottoman and Safavid) Grew wealthy As Mughal empire expanded, controlled commercial networks based on cotton, indigo, and silk By 17th cent overland trade with Europe going strong Indian merchant ships were privately owned; many Indian goods carried into the Indian Ocean trade circuit were on Dutch and English vessels Europeans brought trade goods from throughout Asia to trade for Indian cotton cloth and clothing due to growing demand in Europe Patriarchal (same as Ottoman and Safavid) Status of women overall low in Indian society Child marriage common (brides as young as nine) Religious conflicts permeated society Mughal Shah Aurangzeb changed the nature of Sikhism when ordered the ninth guru beheaded because he refused to convert to Islam (1675) | 10 | |
| 5512194261 | Bourgeoisie | french name for urban class that dominated manufacturing, finance, trade | 11 | |
| 5512195208 | Qing Empire | Transition from Ming to Qing not as difficult as transitions between dynasties in earlier periods Qing encouraged separation between Manchu and Chinese Confucians subjugated to the victors (like with the Mongols) Highest posts filled by Manchu Confucian scholar-gentry kept most positions in bureaucracy Manchu rulers wanted to preserve ethnic identity Forbade intermarriage Chinese men forced to shave front of heads and grow queue as a sign of submission to dynasty Civil service exams became more competitive with tests given on district, provincial, and metropolitan levels | 12 | |
| 5512197163 | Japanese Daimyo | warlords who fought w/ western style firearms and copied & improved upon by japanese armorers | 13 | |
| 5512198520 | Similar problems Safavid Empire faced with neighbors for succession of the throne | Like the Ottomans, Safavids gradually lost vigor Succession issues (like Ottomans and Safavids); Mughal princes fought each other to become heir. Political instabilities caused by family controversies always threatened the empire Akbar incorporated rajas (regional Hindu leaders) into military and bureaucratic positions to alleviate tensions Ottomans plagued by problems of succession Ottoman Succession issues -sons of sultans held as hostages to prevent coups Led to sheltered, pleasure loving less competent rulers | 14 | |
| 5512198873 | Ottoman vizier | vizier - head of imperial administration (day to day work) Early sultans took active part; over time viziers gained power Power challenge by Janissaries, fading cavalry leaders, and Islamic religious scholars | 15 | |
| 5512199773 | Columbian Exchange | exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas (new and old worlds) and the rest of the world following Columbus's' voyage old world diseases that entered Americas with european immigrants and African slaves devastated indigenous populations within a century of 1st european settlement, the domesticated livestock and major agricultural crops of old world had spread over much of Americas & new world's useful staple crops enriched Europe Asia and Africa agriculture | 16 | |
| 5512202402 | Reasons for European Countries to Explore | the european invasion/settlement of the western hemisphere opened a long era of biological and tech transfers that altered american environments Have a general idea of what particular goods were exchanged during the Columbian Exchange | 17 | |
| 5512202778 | Have a general idea of what particular goods were exchanged during the Columbian Exchange | Slaves, sugar, manufactured goods, cassava, tobacco, potatoes, horses, diseases, and artillery. | 18 | |
| 5512203492 | Global Silver Trade and its impact | Zacatecas in Mexico & Potosi in andes Mts. thriving centers of silver mining strengthen spanish economy, used $$ to build impressive military and establish trade w/ foreign lands china bought a lot of silver through manilla in philippines caused major inflation in China, Ottomans, and Safavids american silver increased european money supply----} more commercial expansion and industrialization | 19 | |
| 5512203931 | Advantage of the Caravel ship | small ship that allowed them to enter shallow coastal waters but strong enough to survive ocean storms could travel upstream and explore inland, maneuverability, speed, had a small cannon(fighting) | 20 | |
| 5512206391 | Encomienda System | spanish authorities divided amerindians among settlers who forced them to provide labor or goods (forced labor) new laws tried to abolish it but discovery and demand of silver led to other types of forced labor | 21 | |
| 5512234477 | Importance of potatoes and corn from the Columbian Exchange | potatoes were very filling and kept the people fuller longer population growth | 22 | |
| 5512235341 | Middle Passage | route from africa to american colonies males were shackled together so they wouldn't escape confined slaves below deck most of the time except mealtimes got beatings and executions some developed psychological depression "fixed melancholy" , wouldn't eat -force fed dysentery, smallpox | 23 | |
| 5512236498 | Manumission | slave owners willingly granting their slaves their freedom | 24 | |
| 5512239747 | Chief source of Ottoman Inflation | Inflation caused by increasing amount of New World silver - negative global effect | 25 | |
| 5512240963 | Impact of high calorie food from Americas such as corn and potatoes | population growth | 26 | |
| 5512241389 | Mercantilism | Goal: Get more gold than anyone else Methods: Encourage local businesses - lower taxes, monopolies, loans Use colonies to supply raw materials for local business Encourage exports of local products Place high tariffs on imported goods Use colonies to buy local products in return for raw materials Results: More gold meant more money for armies, Armies could conquer more land and set up more colonies | 27 | |
| 5512242299 | Crop that arrived to Americas from Africa | rice, bananas, coconut, breadfruit, sugar | 28 | |
| 5512243620 | Joint stock company | a business often backed by govt charter, sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread risks and profits among many investors | 29 | |
| 5512246047 | Impact of Sugar Plantations on African Slavery | dramatically increased slavery b/c slaves were more resistant to diseases, more productive, and they were owned for life dramatically killed amerindian popu. eventually became more important than silver | 30 | |
| 5512246848 | Reasons for lack of immunities for Native Americans of European diseases | immune system not used to the new pathogens | 31 | |
| 5512248534 | Spanish Colonial Social Class System | peninsulares- people of spanish ancestry creoles- europeans born in the western hemisphere mestizos- spanish and indian mixtures mulattos- spanish or portuguese and black mixture native americans and black slaves | 32 | |
| 5512249366 | African slaves role in the Islamic world | most were servants or soldiers used on sugar plantations, servants, or artisans majority women, in wealthy households- servants, entertainers, concubines | 33 | |
| 5512249938 | Impact of SmallPox | 10,000 years ago in northern Africa, spreading slowly to the rest of the ancient world. rash, fever and often blindness highly affected children most defenseless victims = Aztec and Inca Indians of the New World with no immunity to European diseases, they were almost completely wiped out by the virus before Spanish conquistadors finished them off | 34 | |
| 5512251534 | Seven Years War and the results of it | spanish and portuguese kings wanted to reduce some power of catholic church and transfer some wealth into treasury jesuits: symbolized independent power of church so they were expelled from land which caused closing schools that edu. the elite cuz they were run by jesuits RESULT- France, Louisiana, Canada ---} over to britain | 35 | |
| 5512252039 | devshirme system of the Ottoman Empire | sent military officers to take boys, ages 8 to 18, from their families in order that they be raised to serve the state ; their only alliance was to the sultan This tax of sons was imposed only on the Christian subjects of the empire, in the villages of the Balkans and Anatolia. The boys were then forcibly converted to Islam they wanted boys who weren't related to any rival muslim families they got great edu. and later on great posts | 36 | |
| 5512252687 | Sikhism | A monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak Believed in faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for social justice for the benefit and prosperity of all, and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life. | 37 | |
| 5512254975 | Luther's view of salvation | salvation can only be achieved by religious faith, not by "doing certain things" | 38 |
