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| 9351331342 | Trans-Oceanic Trade | global trading system in the Caribbean and the Americans trade networks extended to all corners of Atlantic Ocean | 0 | |
| 9351331343 | Columbian Exchange | An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa. |  | 1 |
| 9351331344 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | 2 | |
| 9351331345 | Triangular Trade | Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies. |  | 3 |
| 9351331346 | Middle Passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies | 4 | |
| 9351331347 | Caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. | 5 | |
| 9351331348 | Cartography | the science or the art of making maps | 6 | |
| 9351331349 | Joint-stock companies | businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses | 7 | |
| 9351331350 | East India Companies | British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions. | 8 | |
| 9351331351 | Royal African Company | a mercantile company set up by the Stuart family and London merchants to trade along the west coast of Africa | 9 | |
| 9351331352 | Amerindians | American Indians | 10 | |
| 9351331353 | Sikhism | A monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak. It is not a part of Islam or Hinduism. | 11 | |
| 9351331355 | Italian Renaissance | rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion | 12 | |
| 9351331356 | Northern Renaissance | An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations of northern Europe; the Northern Renaissance took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance | 13 | |
| 9351331358 | Humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements | 14 | |
| 9351331359 | Protestant Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. | 15 | |
| 9351331360 | Martin Luther | A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation. | 16 | |
| 9351331361 | 95 Theses | Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation | 17 | |
| 9351331362 | Anglicanism | A Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England | 18 | |
| 9351331363 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. | 19 | |
| 9351331364 | Jesuits | Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. | 20 | |
| 9351331365 | Scientific Revolution | A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. | 21 | |
| 9351331366 | Copernicus | Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth. | 22 | |
| 9351331367 | Descartes | French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical. | 23 | |
| 9351331368 | Newton | This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science | 24 | |
| 9351331369 | Galileo | He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies. | 25 | |
| 9351331370 | Deism | A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets. | 26 | |
| 9351331371 | John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. | 27 | |
| 9351331372 | Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) | 28 | |
| 9351331373 | Magellan | Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Southern end of South America and eventually reached the Philippines, but was killed in a local war there | 29 | |
| 9351331374 | Vasco da Gama | the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa. | 30 | |
| 9351331375 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. | 31 | |
| 9351331376 | Little Ice Age | Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation. | 32 | |
| 9351331377 | Chattel Slavery | Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person. | 33 | |
| 9351331378 | El Mina | Most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa | 34 | |
| 9351331379 | Plantation Economy | This referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export. | 35 | |
| 9351331380 | Indentured servitude | A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. | 36 | |
| 9351331381 | Encomienda System | Spaniards received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor | 37 | |
| 9351331382 | Hacienda System | landed estates granted to conquistadors | 38 | |
| 9351331383 | Mita System | The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept. | 39 | |
| 9351331384 | Devshirme | Christian boys, taken from the Balkan provinces, converted to Islam, and recruited by force to serve the Ottoman government. The boys must passed through a series of examinations to determine their intelligence and capabilities. | 40 | |
| 9351331385 | Jannisaries | a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard | 41 | |
| 9351331387 | Daimyo | (in feudal Japan) one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun | 42 | |
| 9351331388 | Peninulares | a Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies | 43 | |
| 9351331389 | Creoles | a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean | 44 | |
| 9351331390 | Mestizos | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry | 45 | |
| 9351331391 | Mulattos | Persons of mixed European and African ancestry | 46 | |
| 9351331392 | Sociedad de castas | Caste system based on racial origins | 47 | |
| 9351331393 | Cape Colony | a former province of southern South Africa that was settled by the Dutch in 1652 and ceded to Great Britain in 1814 | 48 | |
| 9351331394 | Boers | the Dutch and Afrikaans word for "farmer". As used in South Africa, it was used to denote the descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 18th century | 49 | |
| 9351331396 | Commercial Revolution | A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price. | 50 | |
| 9351331397 | Proletariat | workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism) | 51 | |
| 9351331398 | Cossacks | member of a people of southern Russia and Ukraine, noted for their horsemanship and military skill | 52 | |
| 9351331399 | Boyars | a member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince | 53 | |
| 9351331400 | Potosi | a city in S Bolivia: formerly a rich silver-mining center | 54 | |
| 9351331401 | Absolutism | the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters | 55 | |
| 9351331402 | *Louis XIV | (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. | 56 | |
| 9351331403 | *Phillip II | King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. He was also father to Alexander the Great. | 57 | |
| 9351331404 | *Ivan III | "Ivan the Great"; ruled as great prince and first ruler of the independent state called Russia. Prince of Moscow who ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of tsar. | 58 | |
| 9351331405 | *Ivan IV | the Terrible, beat the Mongols, Tartars, and the Poles, forced nobles into service, first ruler to take the title tsar | 59 | |
| 9351331406 | *Peter the Great | (1672-1725) Russian tsar. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 60 | |
| 9351331407 | *Parliamentary monarchy | A government with a king or queen whose power is limited by the power of a parliament | 61 | |
| 9351331408 | Divine Rights | A belief of kings and monarchs that they have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin. | 62 | |
| 9351331409 | Versailles | A palace built for Louis XIV near the town of Versailles, southwest of Paris. It was built around a chateau belonging to Louis XIII, which was transformed by additions in the grand French classical style | 63 | |
| 9351331412 | Ottomans (Suleiman) | Gun powder empire | 64 | |
| 9351331413 | Safavids (Abbas) | Gun powder empire | 65 | |
| 9351331414 | Mughals (Akbar, Aurangzeb) | Gunpowder empire | 66 | |
| 9351331442 | Russians | 67 | ||
| 9351331415 | European Empires in the Americans | Great Britain, France, Spain, Netherlands, Denmark | 68 | |
| 9351331416 | Aztecs | a nomadic tribe in northern Mexico, arrived in Mesoamerica around the beginning of the 13th century. From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century | 69 | |
| 9351331417 | Incas | A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire. | 70 | |
| 9351331418 | Ming-Dynasty - China | The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China—then known as the Empire of the Great Ming—for 276 years following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. | 71 | |
| 9351331443 | Tokugawa Shogunate - Japan | 72 | ||
| 9351331419 | Conquistadors | Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.) | 73 | |
| 9351331420 | Thirty Year War | a series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties. | 74 | |
| 9351331421 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic. | 75 | |
| 9351331422 | Edict of Nantes | document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots | 76 | |
| 9351331423 | English Civil War | a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of England's government | 77 | |
| 9351331424 | Glorious Revolution | A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. | 78 | |
| 9351331425 | Enlightenment | a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition | 79 | |
| 9351331426 | *John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. | 80 | |
| 9351331427 | *Adam Smith | a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment | 81 | |
| 9351331428 | *Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women | 82 | |
| 9351331429 | 7 Years War | a war fought between 1754 and 1763, involving every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, spanning five continents, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain (Prussia, Portugal, Hanover, and other small German states) on one side and the Kingdom of France (Austria-led Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain, and Sweden) on the other. | 83 | |
| 9351331430 | French & Indian War | American version of the 7 Year's War, French and Indians fight colonists and are victorious in early stages, then British pour on the pressure and emerge victorious, end-result French are removed from North America and Britain is left in debt. | 84 | |
| 9351331431 | Treaty of Tordesillas | A treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divide the new world. | 85 | |
| 9351331432 | Treaty of Zaragosa | A treaty signed by Portugal and Spain to divided up Asia. | 86 | |
| 9351331433 | Hernan Cortes | a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire | 87 | |
| 9351331434 | Francisco Pizzaro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca's | 88 | |
| 9351331439 | Audiencias | an appellate court in Spain and its empire. The name of the institution literally translates as Royal Audience | 89 | |
| 9351331440 | Capitaincies | Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony. | 90 | |
| 9351331441 | Japan's Closed Country policy | Didn't allow anyone to enter or leave the country. | 91 |
