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AP World History - Unit 4: Revolutions and Imperialism Flashcards

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134808406ManchuFederation of Northeast Asian people who founded the Qing Empire0
134808407DaimyoLiterally, great name(s). Japanese warlords and great landowners, whose armed samurai gave them control of the Japanese islands from the 8th to the later 19th century. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate they were subordinated to the imperial government.1
134808408SamuraiLiterally, "those who serve." The hereditary military military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate.2
134808409Tokugawa Shogunate(1603-1868) The last of the three shogunates of Japan.3
134808410Qing EmpireEmpire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the king also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkistan, and Tibet. The last King emperor was overthrown in 1911.4
134808411Ming Empire(1368-1644) Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The later years of the Ming saw a slow down in technological development and economic decline.5
134808412Kangxi(1654-1722) King emperor (r. 1662-1722) He overaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.6
134808413Amur RiverThis river valley was a contested frontier between northern China and eastern Russia until the settlement arranged in Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689).7
134808414Macartney Mission(1792 to 1793) The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire.8
134808415MuscovyRussian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muskovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598.9
134808416Ural MountainsThis north-south range separates Siberia from the rest of Russia. It is commonly considered the boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia.10
134808417Tsar(Czar) From Latin ceasar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan the III (r. 1462-1505).11
134808418CossacksPeoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks lead the conquest of Siberia in the 16th and 17th centuries.12
134808419SerfsIn medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; Serfdom was not abolished there until 1861.13
134808420SiberiaThe extreme northeastern sector of asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait and the Sea of Okhotsk.14
134808421EnlightenmentA philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and that were just as scientific as the laws of physics.15
134808422Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790) American intellectual, inventor, and politician. He helped negotiate friends support for the American Revolution.16
134808423George Washington(1732-1799) Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799).17
134808424Joseph Brant(1742-1807) Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution.18
134808425Constitutional ConventionMeeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the constitution of the United States.19
134808426Estates GeneralFrance's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three states, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.20
134808427National AssemblyFrench Revolutionary assembly 1789-1791, called first as the Estates General, the three states came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.21
134808428Declaration of the Rights of Man(1789) Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.22
134808429JacobinsRadical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximillien Robespierre from 1793-1794.23
134808430Maximillien Robespierre(1758-1794) The young provencial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the reign of terror.24
134808431Napoleon Bonaparte(1769-1821) Overthrew the French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.25
134808432Gens de ColeurFree men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution.26
134808433Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Overture(1743-1803) Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.27
134808434Congress of Vienna(1814-1815) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I.28
134808435Revolutions of 1848Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy and Hungary the revolutions failed.29
134808436Industrial RevolutionThe transformation of the economy, environment and living conditions, occuring first in England in the eighteenth century that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, and innovation in transportation and communication.30
134808437Agricultural Revolution(18th century) The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants and sharecroppers were forcibly expelled.31
134808438Mass ProductionThe manufacture of many identical products by th division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method wa introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright.32
134808439Josiah Wedgwood(1730-1795) English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods.33
134808440Divisions of LaborA manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, it greatly increased the productivity of labor and lowered the cost of manufactured goods.34
134808441MechanizationThe application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth-century England35
134808442Richard Arkwright(1732-1792) English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin many strong cotton threads at once.36
134808443Crystal PalaceBuilding erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glas, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.37
134808444Steam EngineA machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt castly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was later applied to moving machinery in factories and to powering ships and locomotives.38
134808445James Watt(1736-1819) Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him.39
134808446Electric TelegraphA device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores.40
134808447Business CyclesRecurrent systems41
134808448Laissez Faire...42
134808449Mercantilism...43
134808450Positivism...44
134808451Utopian Socialism...45
134808452Simon Bolivar...46
134808453Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla...47
134808454Jose MAria Morelos...48
134808455Confederation of 1867...49
134808456Personalist Leaders...50
134808457Andrew Jackson...51
134808458Jose Antonio Paez...52
134808459Benito Juarez...53
134808460Tecumseh...54
134808461Caste War...55
134808462Abolitionists...56
134808463Acculturation...57
134808464Women's Rights Convention...58
134808465Development...59
134808466Underdevelopment...60
134808467Muhammed Ali...61
134808468Janissaries...62
134808469Serbia...63
134808470Tanzimat...64
134808471Crimean War...65
134808472Extraterritoriality...66
134808473Young Ottomans...67
134808474Slavophile...68
134808475Pan-Slavism...69
134808476Decembrist Revolt...70
134808477Opium War...71
134808478Bannermen...72
134808479Treaty of Nanking...73
134808480Treaty Ports...74
134808481Most-Favored-Nation Status...75
134808482Taiping Rebellion...76
134808483Zulu...77
134808484Sokoto Caliphate...78
134808485Modernization...79
134808486Muhammad Ali...80
134808487"Legitimate" Trade...81
134808488Recaptives...82
134808489Nawab...83
134808490Sepoy...84
134808491British Raj...85
134808492Sepoy Rebellion...86
134808493Durbar...87
134808494Indian Civil Service...88
134808495Indian National Congress...89
134808496Clipper SHip...90
134808497Contract of Indenture...91
134808498Commodore Matthew Perry...92
134808499Railroads...93
134808500Submarine Telegraph Cables...94
134808501Steel...95
134808502Electricity...96
134808503Thomas Edison...97
134808504Victorian Age...98
134808505"Separate Spheres"...99
134808506Socialism...100
134808507Labor Unions...101
134808508Karl Marx...102
134808509Anarchists...103
134808510Nationalism...104
134808511Liberalism...105
134808512Giuseppe Garibaldi...106
134808513Otto von Bismarck...107
134808514Meiji Restoration...108
134808515Empress Dowager Cixi...109
134808516Yamagata Aritomo...110
134808517Suez Canal...111
134808518New Imperialism...112
134808519Battle of Omdurman...113
134808520Colonialism...114
134808521"Scramble" for Africa...115
134808522Henry Morton Stanley...116
134808523King Leopold II...117
134808524Savorgnan...118
134808525Berlin Conference...119
134808526Afrikaners...120
134808527Cecil Rhodes...121
134808528Asante...122
134808529Menelik...123
134808530Emilio Aguinaldo...124
134808531Free-trade Imperialism...125
134808532Panama Canal...126
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