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| 6342038572 | Louis XVI | King during the French Revolution; married to Marie Antoinette; called in the Estates General; When Louis and his wife were kill, traditionalists were shocked and it marked a new stage of revolutionary violence; |  | 0 |
| 6342040790 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | Made up by the National Assembly (the third estate in the Estates General); declared that "men are born and remian free and equal in rights"; drew upon ideas of the Enlightenment and the Declaration of Independence; these actions launched the French Revolution and radicalized many of the National Assembly's participants; | 1 | |
| 6342041730 | Napoleon | Leader of French; spread French influence after the French Revolution through conquest, contrasting with the United States; seized power in 1799; credited with taming the revolution in the ace of growing disenchantment with its more radical features; Preserved modern elements like civil equality, religious freedom, secular law code, while reconciling with the Catholic Church and suppressing the revolution's more democratic elements in a military dictatorship; he was able to subdue most of Europe, thus creating the continent's largest empire since the Romans; imposed revolutionary practices; further seeds of changed were planted; end of French Revolution when brought down; |  | 2 |
| 6342043848 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | Led Haitian slaves in a successful revolt | 3 | |
| 6342044882 | Declaration of Independence | Written in 1776; declared U.S. independence from Britain; Enlightenment ideas (equality, freedom, property) inspired this declaration and many others |  | 4 |
| 6342044883 | Simon Bolivar | Creole leader with roots in Enlightenment values. Explained better forms of government and hopes for Creole independence in a letter. Wanted to create United States of Latin America, but only succeeded in declaring Brazil's independence. | 5 | |
| 6342046230 | Abolition | Abolition of slavery; ideas against antislavery were partially caused by the Enlightenment and the natural rights of man; Slavery was no longer beneficial to the economically powerful states; the actions of slaves themselves likewise hastened the end of slavery; secular, religious, economic, and political ideas came together in abolitionist movements brought governments growing pressure to abolish slavery; British was first; end of Atlantic slavery was a major turn in the world's social history; economic lives of freed slaves did not improve dramatically; Haiti exception; did not achieve anything close to political freedom; however, the abolitionist movement was won because it is simply the act of abolishing slavery, which was accomplished; |  | 6 |
| 6342046231 | Cottage Industry | 7 | ||
| 6342047778 | Capital | Wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing; European investors found it more profitable to invest their money abroad than at home-capital reason; In United States during the industrial revolution, 1/3 of their capital investment was financed by British, French, and German capitalists; capital = money; lots of capital from industrial revolution; | 8 | |
| 6342047779 | Steam Engine | Ground-breaking invention during the industrial revolution using natural energy from gas; The coal-fired engine, which provided an inanimate and almost limitless source of power beyond that of wind, water, or muscle and could be used to drive any number of machines as well as locomotives and oceangoing ships; this technology helped Europe and especially forge ahead of its competitors; | 9 | |
| 6342049036 | Factory System | New organization of work; human impact of factory labor was a central feature in the debate about this massive transformation of economic life; lots of more jobs; major and negative impact on environment; biggest problem with the factory system was the treatment of workers; social issues; helped with urbanization with cities; desperate people looking for jobs, but conditions sucked; |  | 10 |
| 6342049037 | Stock Market | Complex corporate structures, stock markets, and insurance developed from finiancial institutions / financiers to allow businessmen to raise capital or expand production | 11 | |
| 6342050505 | Corporation | New corporations often spanned several countries or continents, such as the United Fruit Company in North, Central, and South America | 12 | |
| 6342050506 | Transnational Business | 13 | ||
| 6342052353 | Laissez-Faire | Economic system without the interference of the government | 14 | |
| 6342052354 | Adam Smith | Wrote a book on Capitalism; believed capitalism was the best and that the problems within it during the Industrial Revolution would work itself out and it eventually did; |  | 15 |
| 6342053521 | Infrastructure | New canals, railroads, etc. were built to facilitate trade and transportation; infrastructure was built upon because the industrial revolution and factories; | 16 | |
| 6342054652 | Self-strengthening movement | Chinese authorities were not passive in the face of their country's mounting crises, about internal and external; policies to make China great again; Overall program for China's modernization was inhibited by the fears of conservative leaders that urban, industrial, or commercial development would erode the power and privileges of the landlord class; Furthermore, the new industries remained largely dependent on foreigners for machinery, materials, and expertise; they served to strengthen local authorities who largely controlled them, rather than the central Chinese state; failure of the "self-strengthening movement" came to an end with the Boxer movement; | 17 | |
| 6342054653 | Suffrage | The movement for women to gain the right to vote; the feminist movement was mainly focused on this; the only place that grants women the right to vote during this time period is New Zealand; | 18 | |
| 6342054658 | Feminism | The French Revolution raised the possibility of re-creating human societies on new foundations; within growing middle classes of industrializing societies, more women found both educational opportunities and some freedom from household drudgery; some took part in organizations; working-class sisters became active trade unionists; the first organized expression of this new feminism took place at a women's rights conference in Seneca Falls, New York; feminism was a transatlantic movement; growing access to schools and professions; feminist movements in the West were focusing primarily on the issue of suffrage; National American Woman Suffrage Association had 2 million members; became a mass movement; women's literacy rates grew, and more rights like being able to own property were granted; Progress was slower in a political domain; provoked bitter opposition; Like nationalism, it spread; however, unlike abolition of slavery, the feminist movement overall was unsuccessful during this time period; this is because more people were less opposed to slavery than the rights of women; | 19 | |
| 6342056354 | Mary Wollstonecraft | In neighboring England, the French Revolution stimulated he writer Mary Wollstonecraft to pen her famous, Vindication of the Rights of Women, one of the earliest expressions of a feminist consciousness; advocated for women's education; | 20 | |
| 6342056355 | Seneca Falls | The first organized expression of this new feminism took place at a women's rights conference in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848; At that meeting Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted a statement that began by paraphrasing the Declaration of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and women are created equal" | 21 | |
| 6342057551 | Karl Marx | Wrote the Communist Manifesto; believed in scientific socialism/communism; against capitalist ideas and Adam smith; influenced socialism in the future (Russia and China); German by birth, but lived in England where he witnessed the brutal conditions of Britain's Industrial Revolution and wrote voluminously about history and economics; believed capitalism was unstable ;"scientific socialism"; Marxism; |  | 22 |
| 6342057552 | Robert Owens | A wealthy British cotton textile manufacturer, urged the creation of small industrial communities where workers and their families would be well treated; he established on such commuinty, with ten-hour workday, spacious housing, decent wages, and education for children, at his mill in New Lanark in Scotland; Socialist | 23 | |
| 6342058880 | Bourgeoisie | the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes; in Marxist contexts, the capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production. | 24 | |
| 6342058881 | Proletariat | Workers or working-class people, regarded collectively-often used with reference to Marxism; Marx had expected industrial capitalist societies to polarize into small wealthy class and a huge and increasingly impoverished proletariat; | 25 | |
| 6342060022 | Settler Colony | Colonies that are settled in by foreigners; ex: Algeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe, South Africa; in these particular settler colonies European communities, with he help of colonial governments, obtained huge tracts of land, much of which had previously been home to African society; Europe had many settler colonies; | 26 | |
| 6342060023 | Formal vs. Informal colony | 27 | ||
| 6342061432 | Economic Imperialism | This form of imperialism allowed the area to operate as its own nation, but the imperialist nation almost completely controlled its trade and other business. For example, it may impose regulations that forbid trade with other nations, or imperialist companies may own or have exclusive rights to its natural resources. During this era, China and most of Latin America were subjected to economic imperialism. | 28 | |
| 6342061433 | Opium Wars | China vs. Britain; Britain had a lot of expensive Opium, a highly addictive drug, that they sold to China. When China tried to cut off the inflow of Opium into their country, Britain would not let them because it was a primary source for their trade profits; there were several wars, but Britain surpassed in their war technology; Britain won and forced the Chinese to accept the unequal treaties given to them; defining point in history because symbolic of the global changing: Europe taking lead and China losing the lead; |  | 29 |
| 6342062951 | Treaty of Nanjing | The treaty that ended the Opium Wars in 1842; largely on British terms, imposed numerous restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened five ports to European traders; Its provisions reflected the changed balance of global power that had emerged with Britain's Industrial Revolution; To the Chinese, that agreement represented the first of the "unequal treaties" that seriously eroded China's independence by the end of the century; | 30 | |
| 6342062952 | Nationalism | Nationalism was developed during this time; | 31 | |
| 6342064160 | Rousseau | Jean-Jacques Rousseau minimized the importance of book learning for the education of children and prescribed instead an immersion in nature, which taught self-reliance and generosity rather than the greed and envy fostered by "civilization"; Enlightenment thinker; | 32 | |
| 6342064161 | Locke | The English philosopher offered principles for constructing a constitutional government, a contract between rulers and ruled that was created by human ingenuity rather than divinely prescribed; influenced the Declaration of Independence; argued, the "social contract" between ruler and ruled should last only as long as it served the people well; Enlightenment thinker; | 33 | |
| 6342065455 | Voltaire | Enlightenment thinker; Deist; believed in a rather abstract and remote Deity, sometimes compared to a clockmaker, who had created the world, but not in a personal God who intervened in history or tampered with natural law; French writer; wrote satire; cared about his freedom of speech; | 34 | |
| 6342067108 | Montesquieu | 35 | ||
| 6342067109 | Social Contract | The relationship between the kings/ government and the people? | 36 | |
| 6342069053 | Popular Sovereignty | New ideas--Politically, the core notion was "popular sovereignty" which meant that the authority to govern derived from the people rather than from God or from established tradition; | 37 | |
| 6342069054 | Meiji | Japan was very secluded and blocked off from the war until the U.S. came "knocking at their door"; War was avoided, but aware of what had happened to China in resisting European demands, Japan agreed to a series of unequal treaties with various Western powers; that humiliating capitulation to the demands of the "foreign devils" further eroded support for the shogunate, triggered by a brief civil war, and by 1868 led to a political takeover by a group of young samurai from southern Japan; this decisive turning point in Japan's history was known as the Meiji restoration, for the country's new rulers claimed that they were restoring to power the young emperor; | 38 | |
| 6342070522 | Communist Manifesto | Written by Karl Marx; written during the worst parts of Industrial Revolution; beliefs in scientific socialism; took hold in some parts like Russia; influences the future; |  | 39 |
| 6342070523 | Liberal | The liberal emphasis is on reason, education, secular values and personal liberty during the Enlightenment. Liberals would likely benefit from proposed changes. | 40 | |
| 6342070524 | Conservative | The conservative emphasis is on tradition, established order and ritual. Conservatives would not likely benefit from proposed changes they opposed. | 41 | |
| 6342072787 | Caudillos | Strong military men; achieved power as defenders of order and property, although they too succeeded on each other with great frequency; they were used in Latin America after the states claimed Independence and their was political turbulence between the countries; | 42 | |
| 6342072788 | 1905 Revolution | Russia found socialism very desirable in the conditions they were in; Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party was formed; By 1905, they reached their bursting point and Russia erupted in spontaneous insurrection; Workers in Moscow and St. Petersburg went on strike and created their own representative councils, called soviets; Peasant uprising, student demonstrations, revolts of non-Russian nationalities, and mutinies in the military all continued to the upheaval; forced the tsar to make some political reforms; | 43 | |
| 6342074093 | Duma | National assembly in Russia; made because the tsar's regime was forced to make more substantial reforms after 1905 Revolution; duma refused to work with the tsar's new political system between 1906-07 and Tsar Nicholas II twice dissolved that elected body and finally changed the electoral laws to favor the landed nobility; | 44 | |
| 6342074094 | Mexican Revolution | Lower classes in South America had it the worst with exporting goods because they lost jobs and land; protests and violence were frequent but only revolution was in Mexico; over throw dictatorship but failed because disorganized | 45 | |
| 6342076048 | Indian Revolt of 1857 | Sepoy Rebellion of 1857: The Sepoys were Indian Muslims and Hindus who served the British as soldiers in the army that defended the subcontinent. The rebellion took the British by surprise, but they found out that the Indian fury could be traced to a new training technique that the soldiers refused to follow. It required them to put a bullet shell in their mouths that had been greased in either pork or beef fat, with the pork fat being highly offensive to the Muslims and the beef to the Hindu. The British changed the practice, but it was too late because nationalism had reached India, too, and a movement for a country based on Indian identity was beginning. The leaders of the movement would have to wait about 90 years, though, to fulfill their dreams. | 46 | |
| 6342077560 | Taiping Rebellion | The Qing Dynasty was significantly weakened by the Taiping Rebellion, a revolt led by Hong Xiuquan. Hong was an unusual leader, believing that he was the younger brother of Jesus, and advocating abolition of private property and equality for women. The Chinese government finally ended the civil war, with a great deal of help from the Europeans, but the cost to the country was about 20-30 million killed in this 14-year struggle. | 47 | |
| 6342078451 | Boxer Rebellion | Chinese nationalism was more apparent in the 1900 Boxer Rebellion, in which a group called the Boxers led an army against the Qing with the express purpose of recovering "China for the Chinese." The group fed on their efforts to rid the country of European interests, and even though the rebellion was unsuccessful, the Boxers laid the foundations for the 1911 Chinese Revolution that finally ended the Qing Dynasty. A series of unequal treaties with British merchants contributed to the Boxer Rebellion, which attempted to expel all foreigners from China | 48 | |
| 6342079577 | Tanzimat | reorganization of the Ottoman empire; far-reaching reformist measures; modernization and westernization; | 49 | |
| 6342079578 | Young Turks | While the Ottoman empire attempted to reform itself along European lines (including following a French legal system), many groups opposed these reforms, and a group of Young Turks overthrew the sultan in 1908 | 50 | |
| 6342080866 | Commodore Matthew Perry | 51 | ||
| 6342080867 | Zaibatsu | Japanese monopolies; | 52 | |
| 6342082182 | "Scramble for Africa" | Though Europeans had little presence in Africa at the start of the period, the scramble for Africa between 1875 and 1900 led to the occupation and exploitation of nearly the entire continent. The highly competitive states of European competed and made treaties with each other to obtain resourceful land in Africa; | 53 | |
| 6342082183 | Congo Free State | King Leopold II of Belgium began the major scramble for Africa when he established a brutal rubber plantation colony in the Congo Free State. | 54 | |
| 6342083465 | Indian National Congress | The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885, with the goals of promoting political unity and appointing more Indians into higher positions in the British Civil Service. The Congress was controlled by Hindus, and in 1906 another nationalist group was established for Muslims called the All-India Muslim League. Despite tensions between them, by 1914 both groups were demanding Indian independence from the British | 55 | |
| 6342083466 | Congress of Vienna | The allies that had defeated Napoleon met at Vienna in 1815 to reach a peace settlement that would make further revolutions impossible. The Congress of Vienna reached an agreement based on restoring the balance of power in Europe, or the principle that no one country should ever dominate the others. Rather, the power should be balanced among all the major countries | 56 |
