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| 4113664486 | Establishment of the Dynasty | Yang Jian was a ruler who set political discipline on his state. He extended his rule to all of China after a Turkish ruler made him the duke of Sui in 589 C.E. Similar to Qin, the emperors of Sui placed strict demands to insure an effective government. They had palaces, granaries, and defensive walls built. Also, the military was sent to Korea and Central Asia to make higher taxes and demand laborers. |  | 0 |
| 4113664487 | The Grand Canal | The Grand Canal is the biggest water construction to ever be built before modern times. After Yang Jian, Sui Yangdi had the canal built to make trade between north and south China. The main reason was to get rice from the Yangzi River valley, which is located in north China. The natural Chinese rivers only flowed from east to west, so the canal was built to facilitate transportation of trade from north to south. |  | 1 |
| 4113664488 | Tang Taizong | After Sui Yandi died, a rebel leader proclaimed himself the ruler of the new dynasty he named after himself. Tang Taizong was an energetic and ruthless leader who had the ability to enforce policies that would help the dynasty. He killed two of his brothers and ignored his father. He was a Confucian ruler who provided an effective and stable government |  | 2 |
| 4113664489 | Transportation and Communications | Besides the Grand Canal, the Tang peoples used roads, horses, and runners. They had inns, postal stations, and stables to accommodate the travelers along the roads. It usually took about 8 days for horses to get to their destination and even the runners provided fast service. |  | 3 |
| 4113664490 | The Equal-Field System | This system was what governed agricultural prosperity. It was used to distribute land evenly among land holders and to prevent social problems that were prominent in the Han dynasty. The amount of land was determined by the number of members in the family and the fertility of the land. Land size for each person could be changed if something in the family changed such as a loss or gain of members. |  | 4 |
| 4113664491 | Bureaucracy of Merit | Tang's bureaucracy was based on merit, which was acquired by their performance on the civil service exam. Sui and Tang rulers got government officials by how high in the ranks someone was on the Confucian exams. Most officeholders won by their intellectual abilities. |  | 5 |
| 4113664492 | Military Expansion | After Tang forces took over Manchuria and the Silla kingdom in Korea, they made the overthrown leaders acknowledge the Tang leader as the overlord. They conquered north Vietnam, west to the Aral Sea, and part of the plateau of Tibet. The Tang empire was one of the largest empires in Chinese history. |  | 6 |
| 4113664493 | Tang Foreign Relations | Tang established a tributary relationship between China and it's neighboring lands. Neighboring lands had to recognize the Chinese leader as the overlord. If they were subordinate, they would send gifts to the Middle Kingdom (China) and perform the kowtow. The kowtow was a ritual act that the subordinates would perform before the emperor. They would kneel down and put their foreheads on the ground. |  | 7 |
| 4113664494 | Tang Decline | Casual and careless leadership was the main cause for Tang's downfall. A rebellion by a military commander led to him capturing the capital but it ended soon when he was killed by another soldier. Tang forces took back the capital but the empire was forever damaged. The Turkish peoples soon gained control over the government and another rebellion further weakened Tang. The dynasty finally ended when the last Tang emperor abdicated his thrown in 907 C.E. |  | 8 |
| 4113664495 | Song Taizu | As the first emperor, Song Taizu was an honest and productive emperor. He was named emperor by his troops in 960 C.E. He and his army took control over China. He established a centralized administration which kept military forces under watch. Song rulers rewarded distant provinces if they were loyal to him. They expanded the government through merit which those members would get generous salaries if they passed. |  | 9 |
| 4113664496 | Song Weaknesses | Son had a financial issue because of the enormous bureaucracy that they held. It devoured China's surplus production. Since the rewards for the bureaucrats were high, imperial treasury was under pressure. The raise of taxes angered the peasants, which made them rebel. They also had a military issue. Scholar bureaucrats were not educated in the military affairs, but they were the leaders of Song's army. Because of this, Song was overthrown slowly until they were completely invaded by the Mongols in 1279. |  | 10 |
| 4113664497 | Fast-Ripening Rice | Sui and Tang both had agricultural advantage with the system of fast-ripening their rice. They took this idea from the Vietnamese peoples who founded fast-ripening rice which enabled cultivators double the crops each year. When they found how fertile the land was in South China, their supply of food expanded. |  | 11 |
| 4113664498 | New Agricultural Techniques | Agriculture was also more productive when Chinese cultivators created efficient techniques. They made heavy iron plows and used oxen and buffaloes to help til the land. They also provided soil with manure and organic matter. Reservoirs, dikes, dams, canals, pumps, and water wheels were their main source of irrigation. They also used terraced mountainsides to make for space for agriculture. |  | 12 |
| 4113664499 | Population Growth | When agricultural surplus increased, the population did also. The population was low after the fall of the Han dynasty but it increased after 800 C.E. Rapid population growth was due to productivity in agricultural economy and distribution of food through transportation networks. |  | 13 |
| 4113664500 | Urbanization | Food supplies also increased the growth of cities. In the Tang dynasty, Chang'an was the most popular city. China had the most urbanized land in the world during the Song dynasty. These cities consisted of music halls, theaters, taverns, restaurants, gardens, markets, etc. |  | 14 |
| 4113664501 | Patriarchal Social Structures | Patriarchal societies in Song were established most likely because families wanted to preserve family fortunes. Families often remembered ancestors by going long distances to their grave. The ritual was never done in a house but in graves which were in honor of their forefathers. |  | 15 |
| 4113664502 | Foot Binding | Foot binding was something that the richest families put among the women in the household. It was when a young girl's feet were bound by a 15 foot wrap which prevented her feet not from growing out, but up. Their bones grew irregularly which disallowed them to walk easily or naturally. Walking was extremely painful so they either used a cane or had servants to carry them around. It displayed a woman's social standing and her attractiveness. Foot binding also put young women under the control of their parents. |  | 16 |
| 4113664503 | Porcelain | During Tang times, high quality porcelain was produced. It was lighter, thinner, and adaptable to use more than pottery. It also was used artistically as a utensil for appealing works of art. It eventually spread to other societies like the Abbasids. Fine porcelain has come to be known as chinaware. |  | 17 |
| 4113664504 | Metallurgy | Production of iron and steel was due to techniques that were stronger and more useful. Chinese craftsmen found coke as a more productive substance than coal to put into their furnaces. Iron production increased so most of it went to the production of weapons and agricultural tools. The Song dynasty produced about 16.5 million arrowheads a year. Metallurgy also went into the building of bridges and pagodas. These techniques diffused through land beyond China. |  | 18 |
| 4113664505 | Gunpowder | Along with printing and naval technologies, gunpowder was an important substance made in the Tang dynasty. They were seeking elixirs that would prolong life when they came across a powerful concoction that could blow up buildings. Military officials used this discovery as an advantage. They used gunpowder in fire lances, flamethrowers, and primitive bombs. This was the substance that sparked metal-barreled cannons. |  | 19 |
| 4113664506 | Printing | A form of printed originated in the Sui dynasty but it was common in the Tang era. Early printers used block printing techniques where they would carve an image of a page into a wooden block. They inked the block and then pressed a sheet of paper on top. Later printers made an easier way- the movable type: they put dies in the shape of pictures, arranged them in a frame, inked them, then pressed the frame over sheets of paper. Block printing was a lot easier since there is 40,000 characters in the Chinese language. |  | 20 |
| 4113664507 | Naval Technology | Before naval technology was invented, mariners didn't venture far from land. They traveled on a few sea lanes but they mainly relied on the Persian, Arab, Indian, and Malay mariners for long distance maritime trade. Although, during the Song dynasty, Chinese consumers craved exotic spices which forced the mariners to use their own ships. This was where the magnetic compass came in handy to the mariners. Larger ships held cannons but all of the ships were advanced for ships of their time. |  | 21 |
| 4113664508 | Financial Instruments | Tang and Song began to experience a shortage in copper coins when their trade grew. Chinese merchants created a new system of pay to accommodate the shortage. Economic growth developed when these merchants established letters of credit in the Tang dynasty. It enabled merchants to deposit goods in one place then get the equivalent in cash or merchandise in another location. Later developments were notes and checks. |  | 22 |
| 4113664509 | Paper Money | Paper money was invented when they were searching for more alternatives of cash. Wealthy merchants pioneered this during the ninth century. Some merchants weren't able to honor their notes when of poor management. The government forbade private parties from using paper money to keep order. Although later provinces used paper money. |  | 23 |
| 4113664510 | A Cosmopolitan Society | A cosmopolitan society erupted when trade and urbanization increased. Muslim merchants revived the silk roads and Chinese trade centers. Foreign merchants in Chang'an and Luoyang was common. Small merchant societies grew on the Chinese port cities of Guangzhou and Quanzhou. It is said that Huang Chao massacred 120,000 foreigners in 879. |  | 24 |
| 4113664511 | Dunhuang | A county-level city in northwestern Gansu province, Western China. It was a major stop on the ancient Silk Road and is best known for the nearby Dunhuang Caves. |  | 25 |
| 4113664512 | Buddhism in China | Buddhism began to grow in Chinese culture once the people realized that they could be a confucianist during the day, and a Buddhist by night. |  | 26 |
| 4113664513 | Chan Buddhism | a Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition. |  | 27 |
| 4113664514 | Persecution | hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs. |  | 28 |
| 4113664515 | Zhu Xi | Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi was a Song Dynasty Confucian scholar who became the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China. |  | 29 |
| 4113664516 | The Silla Dynasty | Silla was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and one of the world's longest sustained dynasties. Although it was founded by King Park Hyeokgeose, the dynasty was ruled by the Gyeongju Kim clan for most of its 992-year history. |  | 30 |
| 4113664517 | Nara Japan | Earliest Japanese inhabitants Japan were nomads from NE Asia. Ruled by dozens of states by the middle of the 1st millennium CE. Inspired by Tang example, one clan claimed imperial authority over others. Built a new capital (Nara) in 710 CE, modeled on Chang'an. Adopted Confucianism & Buddhism, but maintained Shinto rites. |  | 31 |
| 4113664518 | Heian Japan | Moved to new capital, Heian (modern Kyoto), in 794. Japanese emperors were ceremonial figureheads & symbols of authority. Effective power in the hands of the Fujiwara family. Emperor did not rule, which explains the longevity of the imperial house. Chinese learning dominated Japanese education & pol thought |  | 32 |
| 4113664519 | The Tale of Genji | The Tale of Genji was written by a woman, Murasaki Shikibu. a classic work of Japanese literature written by the noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu in the early years of the 11th century, around the peak of the Heian period. It is sometimes called the world's first novel, the first modern novel, the first psychological novel or the first novel still to be considered a classic. |  | 33 |
| 4113664520 | Decline of Heian Japan | • The equal-field system began to fail • Aristocratic clans accumulated most land • Taira & Minamoto (two most powerful clans) engaged in wars •Clan leader of Minamoto claimed title shogun, military governor; ruled in Kamakura |  | 34 |
| 4113664521 | The Samurai | Professional warriors that were valued for their loyalty, military talent & discipline |  | 35 |
| 4113664522 | Nomadic Society | Nomadic families follow a seasonal routine, moving the herds to new grazing land based on the time of year, rather than one of aimless wandering. Historically, each clan had various chosen grazing grounds that were used exclusively by the same clan year after year. |  | 36 |
| 4113664523 | Nomadic Religion | Shamanism and Buddhism |  | 37 |
| 4113664524 | Turkish Conversion to Islam | The established presence of Islam in the region that now constitutes modern Turkey dates back to the latter half of the 11th century when the Seljuks started expanding into eastern Anatolia. |  | 38 |
| 4113664525 | Melaka | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melacca. |  | 39 |
| 4113664526 | Harsha | Harshavardhana, commonly called Harsha, was an Indian emperor who ruled northern India from 606 to 647 from his capital Kanauj. He belonged to Pushyabhuti Dynasty. He was a Vaishya. |  | 40 |
| 4113664527 | The Conquest of Sind | The conquest of Sindh, located in today's Pakistan, happened in stages. During the Caliphate of Omar ibn al Khattab (r), Muslim armies approached the coast of Makran, but Omar (r) withdrew the troops in response to reports of a harsh and inhospitable terrain. |  | 41 |
| 4113664528 | The Chola Kingdom | The Chola dynasty was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of southern India. Together with the Chēras and the Pāndyas, the Cholas formed the three main Tamil dynasties of Iron Age India, who were collectively known as the Three Crowned Kings. |  | 42 |
| 4113664529 | The Monsoons | a seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and Southeast Asia, blowing from the southwest between May and September and bringing rain (the wet monsoon ), or from the northeast between October and April (the dry monsoon ). |  | 43 |
| 4113664530 | Dhows and Junks | The dhow was also markedly different than the ships that sailed on the China Sea. These ships were known as junks. |  | 44 |
| 4113664531 | Emporia | large warehouses on the coast of India that held trade goods from all corners of the globe. |  | 45 |
| 4113664532 | The Kingdom of Axum | The Kingdom of Aksum or Axum, also known as the Aksumite Empire, was a trading nation in the area of Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, which existed from approximately 100-940 AD. |  | 46 |
| 4113664533 | Shankara | One of the most revered Hindu philosophers and theologians from India who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta. |  | 47 |
| 4113664534 | Ramanuja | Ramanuja was a Hindu theologian, philosopher, and scriptural exegete, born in a Tamil Brahmin family in the village of Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu. He is also known as Sri Ramanujacharya, Udayavar, Ethirajar, Emberumannar and Lakshmana Muni. |  | 48 |
| 4113664535 | The Bhakti Movement | The Bhakti movement is a Hindu religious movement in which the main spiritual practice is loving devotion among the Shaivite and Vaishnava saints. The Bhakti movement originated in ancient Tamil Nadu and began to spread to the north during the late medieval ages when north India was under Islamic rule. |  | 49 |
