Definition and Historical Significance
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| 2225562055 | Abolition | End to Slavery; US abolished slavery after the civil war in 1865 | 0 | |
| 2225575915 | Bureaucracy | A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials; civil service exams were used civil service exams in British India | 1 | |
| 2225587683 | Business Cycle | Alternating periods of economic expansion and economic recession; China's economy expanded while recieving silver but was hurt after they recieved Opium because they lost their advantage | 2 | |
| 2225605308 | Capitulations | agreements that exempted European visitors from Ottoman law and provided European powers with extraterritoriality—the right to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens according to their laws; in 16 century the Ottomans didn't want to govern foreign merchants, 19 century agreements were humiliating intrusions on their sovereignty. | 3 | |
| 2225614777 | Cash Crops | crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit; slaves in the americas worked on plantations to produce them | 4 | |
| 2225620276 | Coerced Labor Systems | forced labor: indentured servants, serfs, slaves; serfdom began to slow in Russia as they endered the beginnings of an industrial revolution in the 1890s | 5 | |
| 2225642026 | Colonialism | Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory; British expansionist impulse in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries | 6 | |
| 2225655100 | Corporation | A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts; corporations increased throughout the world with westernization and industrialization | 7 | |
| 2225662113 | Elites | A group or class of persons or a member of such a group or class, enjoying superior intellectual, social, or economic status; british colonizers became the new elites in the regions they settled | 8 | |
| 2225678830 | Empire | A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler; British Empire in India from 1850s to the 1940s | 9 | |
| 2225689543 | Extraterritoriality | Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country; 19th/Early 20th centuries European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. | 10 | |
| 2225692509 | Feudal | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land; was ended in Japan as they industrialized | 11 | |
| 2225710801 | Free-Trade Imperialism | Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state; late nineteenth century, characterized the relations between the Latin American republics, on the one hand, and Great Britain and the United States, on the other. | 12 | |
| 2226210532 | Humanitarian Values | values that promote better conditions for people; Increased throughout the period, ex: slavery abolished | 13 | |
| 2226234562 | Ideology | A consistent set of beliefs by groups/individuals; changed beliefs in Japan as westernized | 14 | |
| 2226237504 | Imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically; British imperialism affected people in India, Africa, and the Americas | 15 | |
| 2226241487 | Indentured Servants | Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years; British sent colonists to North America | 16 | |
| 2226250275 | Industrialization | Development of a system which supports machine production of goods; Began in Britian, spread throughout Europe and to Americas | 17 | |
| 2226255735 | Joint-Stock Companies | an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business; increased with industrialization because of shared risk | 18 | |
| 2226263691 | Labor Union | An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members, arose in France for peasants | 19 | |
| 2226268606 | Laissez-Faire Capitalism | economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference; started in France | 20 | |
| 2226288112 | Liberalism | . | 21 | |
| 2226293043 | Marxism | ..., the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded; | 22 | |
| 2226299087 | Bourgouise | person in middle class; existed in France | 23 | |
| 2226304536 | Missionaries | Person sent on a religious mission, mostly Christian; fwent to British territories to convert indigenous peoples | 24 | |
| 2226894328 | Modernization | The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies; happened in Russia and lead to increase of its stature in world power standings and revitalized the economy and industry | 25 | |
| 2226903082 | Monetary | Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and thus interest rates; China controlled what came in and opium | 26 | |
| 2226913890 | Monopoly | A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller; Dutch colonized in India for control of monopoly over spices | 27 | |
| 2226918974 | Nation-State | A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality; Asian countries wanted to become nation states like those in rhe West | 28 | |
| 2226921621 | Natural Rights | the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property; Believed in the U.S. and proposed by John Locke | 29 | |
| 2226927461 | Orientalism | An entire system of thought and scholarship dominated by imperatives, perspective, and ideological biases that expresses the image of the orient as inferior or alien to the west; China didn't want to be associated with the west until they realized they had superior technology | 30 | |
| 2226929354 | Political Reforms | a reform in the political structure of a country/state/entity; Tanzimat reforms in Ottoman Empire to westernize | 31 | |
| 2226957520 | Proletariat | Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production, typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries | 32 | |
| 2226957521 | Revolution | A forcible overthrow of a government or social order for a new system; French revolution in 1789 | 33 | |
| 2226964150 | Sanitary Systems | Used to improve health and kill germs; improved with industrial revolution | 34 | |
| 2226972068 | Sepoys | Troops that served the British East India Company and recruited from various warlike peoples of India; caused a rebellion that was one of the first wars of Indian independence | 35 | |
| 2226974393 | Slave trade | European trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe; legally camera to an end in late 1900s | 36 | |
| 2226974394 | Social Darwinism | Belief that supremacy can't be learned and caucasians born with it ; justification for European imperialist expansion. | 37 | |
| 2226974847 | Social Heiarchy | the division of society by rank or class | 38 | |
| 2226987816 | Socialism | A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production; began in Europe | 39 | |
| 2226987817 | Sovreignty | the absolute authority that government has over its citizens; authoritarian rule became common in Spanish colonies after gaining independence | 40 | |
| 2226988475 | Suffrage | Right to vote; not given to poor, women, or slaves | 41 | |
| 2226996050 | Syncretism | A blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith; developed over time in European colonies | 42 | |
| 2226999788 | The State | The power that governs the people; supreme power | 43 | |
| 2226999789 | Treaties | formal agreements between nations; October Manifesto in 1905 gave reforms including Russia including the Duma | 44 | |
| 2226999790 | Victorian | 1832-1901 when Queen Victori ruled England; industrial Progress and colonial expansion | 45 |
