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| 3956807412 | Portuguese Exploration | NF. Traveled to Southern Africa and set up trading posts for gold and slaves. Pushed further southward in search for water route to Asia |  | 0 |
| 3956808403 | Catherine II | Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) |  | 1 |
| 3956930636 | Missionary efforts | Drove Europeans into the larger world, wanted to expand Christianity, not always peaceful, crusades and holy wars began in the eleventh century |  | 2 |
| 3956930637 | The peace of Westphalia | The peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 |  | 3 |
| 3956932005 | Navigational Instruments | Astrolabe, Quadrant and Compass |  | 4 |
| 3956937049 | Winds and Currents | The movie for Columbus' journey |  | 5 |
| 3956937069 | Volta do mar | "return through the sea" rather than trying desperately to hug the coast, they actually went into open water, abandoning shoreline and slowly zigzagging into the wind North until they could get to the Wester Winds "Return through the sea"- rather than trying to hug the coast, they would go out into open water and zig zag through the winds until they caught the westerly winds Drastically changed Portuguese trade "Return through the Sea", with the breakthrough of the Compass in the 15th century, they began leaving the shoreline and realized the trade winds took them back to their destination more quickly. This process included zig zaging (tacking) through the ocean to make sure one didn't get stuck in any specific current or prevailing wind. |  | 6 |
| 3956941251 | Prince Henry of Portugal | A Portuguese royal prince, soldier, and patron of explorers. Henry sent many sailing expeditions down Africa's west coast, but did not go on them himself. |  | 7 |
| 3956942719 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. |  | 8 |
| 3956942720 | Christopher Columbus | An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503. |  | 9 |
| 3956957127 | The Balance of Power | The fundamental principle of diplomacy in early modern Europe was... |  | 10 |
| 3956961164 | Circumnavigation | Going completely around the earth. |  | 11 |
| 3956962553 | Exploration of the pacific | Spanish build Philippines - Mexican trade rout |  | 12 |
| 3956964384 | Captain James Cook | English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779) |  | 13 |
| 3956965853 | The trading Companies | East India Compaines |  | 14 |
| 3956976682 | Manila | Capital of the Philippines |  | 15 |
| 3956976683 | Conquest of Java | The architect of Dutch policy was Jon p. Coen when in 1819 founded Batavia on the island of java to serve as an entrepot for the voc. |  | 16 |
| 3956978239 | Siberia | The northeastern sector of Asia or the Eastern half of Russia. |  | 17 |
| 3956981708 | Military development | Modernized their military by having new weapons and faster ships for better war tactic. |  | 18 |
| 3956981709 | Competition and Conflict | The naval race, colonial disputes, industrial and trade rivalry, nationalistic tensions. |  | 19 |
| 3956987654 | The seven years war | Fought in the middle of the eighteenth century between the German kingdom of Prussia, supported by Britain, and an alliance that included Austria, France, and Russia. Prussia and Britain won, and their victory greatly increased their power. |  | 20 |
| 3956987655 | British Hegemony | After the Seven Years' War, Britain emerged victorious across the world in its many colonies; although Britain was not the undisputed master of the world or even of Europe, it was placed in position to dominate world trade. |  | 21 |
| 3956993104 | Urbanization | An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. |  | 22 |
| 3956994800 | Nature of Capitalism | The nature of capitalism naturally sets up a system that exploits workers. |  | 23 |
| 3956994801 | American Crops | Squash, beans, potatoes, maize. |  | 24 |
| 3956999346 | Population Growth | Increase in the number of people who inhabit a territory or state. |  | 25 |
| 3956999347 | Migration | Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location. |  | 26 |
| 3957000841 | Transoceanic trade | Europe's sphere of influence from 16th century onward (extracted gold and other resources; colonized people and lands). |  | 27 |
| 3957026061 | Manila Galleons | Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China. |  | 28 |
| 3957027686 | Martin Luther | A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation. |  | 29 |
| 3957049356 | John Calvin | (1509-1564) The Frenchman was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader. His "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1535) which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented. |  | 30 |
| 3957049357 | Reform outside Germany | Switzerland, low countries follow German. |  | 31 |
| 3957051205 | Council of Trent | Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. |  | 32 |
| 3957056284 | Society of Jesus | A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work. |  | 33 |
| 3957057403 | Joint-stock companies | An association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business |  | 34 |
| 3957084418 | Religious wars | Countries in Europe fought for decades trying to decide what religion to follow | | 35 |
| 3957084419 | thirty years war | Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of Westphalia. 1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. |  | 36 |
| 3957086452 | Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious unity in Europe. He was preoccupied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not solely focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany. |  | 37 |
| 3957100138 | Imperial fragmentation | Charles doesn't extend thru Europe or leave imperial legacy. |  | 38 |
| 3957100139 | Foreign Challenges | Oppositions from France, ottoman. |  | 39 |
| 3957115731 | Finance | The control of how money is spent, especially for a company or government. |  | 40 |
| 3957115732 | State Power | Protect the public's health, welfare, and morals |  | 41 |
| 3957117556 | The Spanish Inquisition | The Inquisition in Spain, under state control from 1480 to 1834, marked by the extreme severity and cruelty of its proceedings in the 16th century. |  | 42 |
| 3957117557 | Constitutional states | Netherlands, England, Dutch Republic |  | 43 |
| 3957119419 | English civil war | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king |  | 44 |
| 3957130886 | The Glorious Revolution | The English Parliament drove out an absolute monarch and replaced him with two constitutional monarch's William and Mary. |  | 45 |
| 3957132145 | Dutch Republic | United Provinces of the Netherlands-1st half of 17th century was golden age-govt. consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each w/ rep. government. |  | 46 |
| 3957137796 | The sun king | Louis XIV |  | 47 |
| 3957137797 | Peter I | Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models. |  | 48 |
| 3957141620 | Absolutism in Russia | Peter (the Great Westernizer) was born in 1672, and, when he was three, his father Tsar Alexis (Romanov) died and his half-brother from an earlier marriage (from Miloslavsky family old believers in the Russian Orthodox Church) took over, called Fedor. After Fedor died, there was the question of succession - was it to be Ivan (dumb, older son) or Peter (brilliant, younger son)? |  | 49 |
