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| 130543655 | ivan 3 (the great) | Started to gain independence from mongols. This ruler was loved by the people and eventually overthrew mongols. Considered himself an autocrat by the grace of god himself. Developed absolute monarchy. | 0 | |
| 130543656 | third rome | Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453. | 1 | |
| 130543657 | ivan (the terrible) | (1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. | 2 | |
| 130543658 | cossacks | peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements. | 3 | |
| 130543659 | time of troubles | followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | 4 | |
| 130543660 | romanov dynasty | dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917. | 5 | |
| 130543661 | alexis romanov | Second Romanov tsar; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church. | 6 | |
| 130543662 | old believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization. | 7 | |
| 130543663 | peter 1 (the great) | Russian ruler who westernized Russia | 8 | |
| 130543664 | st. petersburg | Capitol city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweden | 9 | |
| 130543665 | catherine the great | ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations | 10 | |
| 130543666 | partition of poland | division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe. | 11 | |
| 130543667 | obruk | Labor obligations of Russian peasants to either their aristocratic landlords or to the state; typical of increased labor burdens placed on Russian peasantry during the 18th century. | 12 | |
| 130543668 | pugachev rebellion | Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed | 13 | |
| 130543669 | ferdinand of aragon and isabela of castile | initiated exploration of new world | 14 | |
| 130543670 | encomiendas | Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies. | 15 | |
| 130543671 | hispaniola | a Caribbean island settled by Spaniards in 1493; a present day island that is divided into the Dominican Republic and Haiti. | 16 | |
| 130543672 | bartolome de las casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476 | 17 | |
| 130543673 | heman cortes | He conquered the Aztecs of Mexico | 18 | |
| 130543674 | moctezuma 2 | Aztec ruler | 19 | |
| 130543675 | mexico city | the capital and largest city of Mexico is a political and cultural and commercial and industrial center | 20 | |
| 130543676 | new spain | Spanish colony in North America including Mexico, Central America, the southwest United States, and many of the Carribean islands from the 1500s to the 1800s | 21 | |
| 130543677 | francisco pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) | 22 | |
| 130543678 | francisco vacquez de coronado | ... | 23 | |
| 130543679 | pedro de valdivia | Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and est. city of SAntiago in 1541 | 24 | |
| 130543680 | mita | in the Incan empire, the requirement that all able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain number of days each year. | 25 | |
| 130543681 | colombian exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages | 26 | |
| 130543682 | potosi | Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. (p. 479) | 27 | |
| 130543683 | huancavelica | Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí. | 28 | |
| 130543684 | haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy. | 29 | |
| 130543685 | casa de la contratacion | Spanish Board of Trade operated out of Seville; regularized commerce with New World; supplied colonial provisions | 30 | |
| 130543686 | consulado | Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return. | 31 | |
| 130543687 | galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion. | 32 | |
| 130543688 | treaty of tordesillas | a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | 33 | |
| 130543689 | recopilacion | Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies. | 34 | |
| 130543690 | council of the indies | The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilites. | 35 | |
| 130543691 | letrados | University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions. | 36 | |
| 130543692 | viceroyalties | Major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one was based in Lima, the other in Mexico City. | 37 | |
| 130543693 | audiencia | Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were ten in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates. | 38 | |
| 130543694 | sor juana ines de la cruz | Mexian poet; denied access into University of Mexico because she was a woman; entered convent and became nun; became famous and great poet; denounced by her bishop for writing secular liturature | 39 | |
| 130543695 | pedro alvares cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil | 40 | |
| 130543696 | captaincies | strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for developement; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony. | 41 | |
| 130543697 | paulistas | Backswoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century. | 42 | |
| 130543698 | minas gerais | Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior were gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush. | 43 | |
| 130543699 | rio de janerio | in Southeast region; one of biggest Brazilian cities; tourist center; like Mexico city because shantytowns are next to nice resorts | 44 | |
| 130543700 | sociedad de castas | Spanish-American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom. | 45 | |
| 130543701 | peninsulares | Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class | 46 | |
| 130543702 | ceroles | descendents of spanish born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political and economic status | 47 | |
| 130543703 | amigos del pais | Clubs and asociations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform | 48 | |
| 130543704 | war of spanish succession | The war that resulted from the heirless death of Charles II; in order to prevent the union of the French and Spanish crowns, the Grand Alliance declared war on France and the French. | 49 | |
| 130543705 | charles 3 | Organisms that have useful traits reproduce in greater numbers. The offspring inherit the traits. Organismas with unfavorable traits eventually die off. The fittest survive. | 50 | |
| 130543706 | commercio libre | Policy established during reign of Charles III; opened trade in ports of Spain and Indies to all Spanish merchants; undercut monopoly of Consulados. | 51 | |
| 130543707 | jose de galvez | Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendents for local governments | 52 | |
| 130543708 | marquis of pombal | prime minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. | 53 | |
| 130543709 | comunero revolt | One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels. | 54 | |
| 130543710 | comunero revolt | One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels. | 55 | |
| 130543711 | tupac amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution. | 56 | |
| 130543712 | ottomans | Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world. | 57 | |
| 130543713 | mehmed 2 | Conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul | 58 | |
| 130543714 | janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675) | 59 | |
| 130543715 | vizier | the highest office in the Egyptian governmental hierarchy below the king. (a sort of prime minister.) | 60 | |
| 130543716 | suleymaniye mosque | Great Mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th century reign of the ottoman ruler Suleyman the magnificent who was possibly the greatest of all ottoman rulers | 61 | |
| 130543717 | safavid dynasty | Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722. | 62 | |
| 130543718 | safi ai din | ... | 63 | |
| 130543719 | isma'i | ... | 64 | |
| 130543720 | chaldiran | Important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi'a state. | 65 | |
| 130543721 | abbas 1 the great | Safavid shah (1587-1629) extended the empire to its greatest extent; used western technology | 66 | |
| 130543722 | imams | spiritual leaders of Shi'ah Islam, said to be direct descendents of Muhammad | 67 | |
| 130543723 | mullahs | Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism | 68 | |
| 130543724 | isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture. | 69 | |
| 130543725 | mughal dynasty | established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th century. | 70 | |
| 130543726 | babur | founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530. | 71 | |
| 130543727 | humayn | son and successor of Babur | 72 | |
| 130543728 | akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. | 73 | |
| 130543729 | din i ilahi | Religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death | 74 | |
| 130543730 | sati | a ritual that required a woman to throw herself on her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly and if a woman didn't comply with this she would be disgraced. | 75 | |
| 130543731 | taj mahal | beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife | 76 | |
| 130543732 | nur jahan | wife of Jahangir; amassed power in court and created faction of male relatives who dominated Mughal Empire during later years of Jahangir's reign | 77 | |
| 130543733 | aurangzeb | Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death | 78 | |
| 130543734 | factories | Portuguese trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce. | 79 | |
| 130543735 | el mina | Most important of early portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa | 80 | |
| 130543736 | lancados | Settlers and adventurers of Portuguese origin in Senegambia, the Cape Verde Islands and other areas of the West Africa. Many were Jews escaping persecution from the Portuguese Inquisition, and many had wives from the local African groups. | 81 | |
| 130543737 | nzinga mvemba | King of Kongo south of Zaire River from 1507 to 1543; converted to Christianity and took title Alfonso I; under Portuguese influence attempted to Christianize all of kingdom. | 82 | |
| 130543738 | luanda | Portuguese factory established in 1520s south of Kongo; became basis for Portuguese colony of Angola. | 83 | |
| 130543739 | royal african company | A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507) | 84 | |
| 130543740 | indies piece | Term utilized within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave. | 85 | |
| 130543741 | triangular trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa | 86 | |
| 130543742 | asante | African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902 (736) | 87 | |
| 130543743 | osei tutu | member of Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in Gold Coast region of Africa; responsible for creating unified Asante Empire; utilized Western firearms. | 88 | |
| 130543744 | asantehene | Title taken by ruler of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool. | 89 | |
| 130543745 | benin | a country on western coast of Africa | 90 | |
| 130543746 | dahomey | Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves. | 91 | |
| 130543747 | luo | Nilotic people who migrated from Upper Nile valley; established dynasty among existing Bantu population in lake region of central eastern Africa; center at Bunyoro. | 92 | |
| 130543748 | usuman dan fodio | founder of the sokoto caliphate | 93 | |
| 130543749 | great trek | Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal. | 94 | |
| 130543750 | shaka | A Zulu chief in Southern Africa who used soldiers and good military organization to create a large centralized state. | 95 | |
| 130543751 | mfecane | Wars of 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa. | 96 | |
| 130543752 | swazi and lesotho | African states formed by peoples reacting to the stresses of the Mfecane. (wars among Africans in southern Africa during the early 19th century) | 97 | |
| 130543753 | middle passage | the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade | 98 | |
| 130543754 | obeah | a religious belief of African origin involving witchcraft and sorcery | 99 | |
| 130543755 | candomble | African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people. | 100 | |
| 130543756 | vodun | African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti. | 101 | |
| 130543757 | palmares | Kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8,000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17th century; leadership was Angolan | 102 | |
| 130543758 | surinam maroons | descendants of runaway slaves | 103 | |
| 130543759 | william wilberforce | British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English slave trade in 1807. | 104 | |
| 130543760 | asian sea trading network | Divided, from West to East, into three zones prior to the European arrival: an Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian zone, with cotton textiles; and a Chinese zone, with paper, porcelain, and silks. | 105 | |
| 130543761 | goa ormuz | ... | 106 | |
| 130543762 | malacca | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387) | 107 | |
| 130543763 | batavia | Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java. | 108 | |
| 130543764 | treaty of gijanti (1757) | Reduced the remaining independent Javanese princes to vassals of the Dutch East India Company; allowed the Dutch to monopolize Java's coffee production. | 109 | |
| 130543765 | luzon | Northern island of Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560s; site of major Catholic missionary effort. | 110 | |
| 130543766 | mindanao | the second largest island of the Philippines at the southern end of the archipelago | 111 | |
| 130543767 | francis xavier | This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity | 112 | |
| 130543768 | robert di nobli | Italian Jesuit active in India during the early 1600s; failed in a policy of first converting indigenous elites. | 113 | |
| 130543769 | hongwu | First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry | 114 | |
| 130543770 | macao and canton | The only two ports in Ming China where Europeans were allowed to trade. | 115 | |
| 130543771 | the water margin, monkey, and the golden lotus | well-known as one of the four greatest Chinese novels in history; tells stories of a group of heroes,who stand for different classes of people daring to struggle against the evil. | 116 | |
| 130543772 | zhenghe | Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration. | 117 | |
| 130543773 | matteo ricci and adam schall | Jesuit scholars at the Ming court; also skilled scientists; won few converts to Christianity. | 118 | |
| 130543774 | chongzhen | Last of the Ming emperors; committed suicide in 1644 in the face of a Jurchen invasion of the Forbidden City at Beijing. | 119 | |
| 130543775 | manchus | Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. (p. 556) | 120 | |
| 130543776 | nobunaga | (1534-1582) Japenese daimyo; first to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed last of Ashikaga shoguns; unified much of central Honshu under his command | 121 | |
| 130543777 | toyotomi hideyoshi | General under Nobanga; suceeded as leading military power in Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constucted a series of military alliances that made him the military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598. | 122 | |
| 130543778 | tokugawa ieyasu | Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan | 123 | |
| 130543779 | edo | the capital and largest city of Japan | 124 | |
| 130543780 | deshima | Island in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter. | 125 | |
| 130543781 | school of national learning | 18th-century ideology that emphasized Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism and other Chinese influences. | 126 |
