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| 8154601130 | silk road | caravan routes connecting china and the middle east across central asia and iran. | 0 | |
| 8154605137 | parthians | iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E. | 1 | |
| 8154605138 | stirrup | device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. first evidence of the use of stirrups was among the kushan people of northern afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E. | 2 | |
| 8154609182 | indian ocean maritime system | in premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the indian ocean from africa to indonesia. | 3 | |
| 8154614208 | trans-saharan caravan routes | trading network linking north africa with sub-saharan africa across the sahara. | 4 | |
| 8154617231 | sahel | belt south of the sahara; literally "coastland" in arabic. | 5 | |
| 8154630772 | sub-saharan africa | portion of the african continent lying south of the sahara. | 6 | |
| 8154630773 | steppe | an ecological region of grass- and shrub-covered plains that is treeless and too arid for agriculture. | 7 | |
| 8154633004 | savanna | tropical or subtropical grassland, either treeless or with occasional clumps of trees. most extensive in sub-saharan africa but also present in south america. | 8 | |
| 8154633005 | tropical rain forest | high-precipitation forest zones of the americas, africa, and asia lying between the tropic of capricorn. | 9 | |
| 8154638169 | "great traditions" | historians' term for literate, well-institutionalized complex of religious and social beliefs and practices adhered to by diverse societies over a broad geographical area. | 10 | |
| 8154638170 | "small traditions" | historians' term for localized, usually nonliterate, set of customs and beliefs adhered to by a single society, often in conjunction with a "great tradition". | 11 | |
| 8154645332 | mecca | city in western arabia; birthplace of the prophet muhammad and ritual center of the islamic religion. | 12 | |
| 8154640226 | bantu | collective name of a large group of sub-saharan african languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. | 13 | |
| 8154645331 | ethiopia | east african highland nation lying eats of the nile river. | 14 | |
| 8154640227 | armenia | one of the earliest christian kingdoms, situated in eastern anatolia and the western caucasus and occupied by speakers of the armenian language. | 15 | |
| 8154645395 | muhammad | arab prophet (570-632 C.E.); founder of the religion islam. | 16 | |
| 8154647960 | muslim | an adherent of the islamic religion; a person who "submits" (in arabic, islam means "submission") to the will of god. | 17 | |
| 8154647961 | islam | religion expounded by the prophet muhammad on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the quran. in the tradition of judaism and christianity, and sharing much of their lore, islam calls on all people to recognize one creator god- allah- who rewards or punishes believers after death according to how they led their lives. | 18 | |
| 8154651335 | medina | city in western arabia to which the prophet muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in mecca. | 19 | |
| 8154651336 | umma | the community of all muslims. a major innovation against the background of seventh- century arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. | 20 | |
| 8154651337 | caliphate | office established in succession to the prophet muhammad, to rule the islamic empire; also the name of that empire. | 21 | |
| 8154654392 | quran | book composed of divine revelations made to the prophet muhammad between around 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of islam. | 22 | |
| 8154654393 | shi'ites | muslims belonging to the branch of islam believing that god vests leadership vests leadership of the community in a descendant of muhammad's son-in-law ali. shi'ism is the state religion of iran. | 23 | |
| 8154658262 | umayyad caliphate | first hereditary dynasty of muslim caliphs (661 to 750). from their capital damascus, the umayyads ruled an empire that extended form spain to india. overthrown by the abbasid caliphate. | 24 | |
| 8154658263 | sunnis | muslims belonging to the branch of islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. the majority religion in most islamic countries. | 25 | |
| 8154661588 | abbasid caliphate | descendants of the prophet muhammad's uncle, al-abbas, the abbasid's overthrew the umayyad caliphate and ruled an islamic empire from their capital in baghdad (founded 726) from 750 to 1258. | 26 | |
| 8154661589 | mamluks | under the islamic system of military slavery, turkic military slaves formed and important part of the armed forces of the abbasid caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling egypt and syria (1250-1517). | 27 | |
| 8154661590 | ghana | first known kingdom in sub-saharan west africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. also the modern west africa country once known as the gold coast. | 28 | |
| 8154664382 | ulama | muslim religious scholars. from the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of islamic law and the social core of muslim urban societies. | 29 | |
| 8154664383 | hadith | a tradition relating the words or deeds of the prophet muhammad; next to the quran, the most important basis for islamic law. | 30 | |
| 8154667350 | charlemagne | king of the franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). through a series of military conquests he established the carolingian empire, which encompassed all of gaul and parts of germany and italy. though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. | 31 | |
| 8154667351 | medieval | literally "middle age", a term that historians of europe use for the period around 500 to 1500, signifying its intermediate point between greco- roman antiquity and the renaissance. | 32 | |
| 8154671380 | byzantine empire | historians' name for the eastern portion of the roman empire from the fourth century onward, taken from "byzantium", an early name for constantinople, the byzantine capital city. the empire fell to the ottomans in 1453. | 33 | |
| 8154671381 | kievan russia | state established at kiev in ukraine around 880 by scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly slavic farming population. | 34 | |
| 8154674882 | schism | a formal split within a religious community. | 35 | |
| 8154674883 | manor | in medieval europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. | 36 | |
| 8154674884 | serf | in medieval europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. | 37 | |
| 8154674885 | fief | in medieval europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service. | 38 | |
| 8154677741 | vassal | in medieval europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. | 39 | |
| 8154677742 | papacy | the central administration of the roman catholic church, of which the pope is the head. | 40 | |
| 8154677811 | holy roman empire | loose federation of mostly german states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the by princess. it lasted from 962 to 1806. | 41 | |
| 8154683577 | investiture controversy | dispute between the popes and holy roman emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. | 42 | |
| 8154683578 | monasticism | living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. it was a prominent element of medieval christianity and buddhism. monasteries were the primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval europe. | 43 | |
| 8154686544 | horse collar | harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction form the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. | 44 | |
| 8154686545 | crusades | (1095-1204) armed pilgrimages to the holy land of christians determined to recover jerusalem from muslim rule. the crusades brought an end to western europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. | 45 | |
| 8154688738 | pilgrimage | journey to a sacred shrine by christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as muslim pilgrimage to mecca and the pilgrimages made by early chinese buddhists to india in search of sacred buddhist writings. | 46 | |
| 8154693940 | grand canal | 47 | ||
| 8154696576 | tang empire | 48 | ||
| 8154699709 | tributary system | 49 | ||
| 8154699710 | song empire | 50 | ||
| 8154699711 | junk | 51 | ||
| 8154702229 | gunpowder | 52 | ||
| 8154703902 | neo-confucianism | 53 | ||
| 8154703903 | zen | 54 | ||
| 8154706994 | movable type | 55 | ||
| 8154706995 | shamanism | 56 | ||
| 8154706996 | koryo | 57 | ||
| 8154710328 | fujiwara | 58 | ||
| 8154712976 | shogunate | 59 | ||
| 8154712977 | champa rice | 60 | ||
| 8154715674 | srivijaya | 61 | ||
| 8154715675 | genghis khan | 62 | ||
| 8154715776 | mongols | 63 | ||
| 8154718271 | nomadism | 64 | ||
| 8154718272 | yuan empire | 65 | ||
| 8154721450 | bubonic plague | 66 | ||
| 8154721451 | il-khan | 67 | ||
| 8154724542 | golden horde | 68 | ||
| 8154724543 | timur | 69 | ||
| 8154728174 | rashid al-din | 70 | ||
| 8154728175 | nasir al-din tusi | 71 | ||
| 8154731330 | alexander nevskii | 72 | ||
| 8154731331 | tsar | 73 | ||
| 8154731332 | ottoman empire | 74 | ||
| 8154735046 | khubilai | 75 | ||
| 8154735047 | lama | 76 | ||
| 8154737961 | beijing | 77 | ||
| 8154737962 | ming empire | 78 | ||
| 8154737963 | yongle | 79 | ||
| 8154741108 | zheng he | 80 | ||
| 8154741109 | kamikaze | 81 | ||
| 8154744289 | latin west | 82 | ||
| 8154744290 | three-field system | 83 | ||
| 8154747740 | black death | 84 | ||
| 8154750063 | water wheel | 85 | ||
| 8154753503 | hanseatic league | 86 | ||
| 8154753504 | guild | 87 | ||
| 8154753505 | gothic cathedral | 88 | ||
| 8154756898 | renaissance | 89 | ||
| 8154756899 | universities | 90 | ||
| 8154759982 | scholasticism | 91 | ||
| 8154759983 | humanists | 92 | ||
| 8154761944 | printing press | 93 | ||
| 8154761945 | great western schism | 94 | ||
| 8154765709 | hundred years war | 95 | ||
| 8154767899 | new monarchies | 96 | ||
| 8154767900 | reconquest of iberia | 97 | ||
| 8154770927 | tropics | 98 | ||
| 8154770928 | ibn battuta | 99 | ||
| 8154773117 | monsoon | 100 | ||
| 8154773118 | delhi sultanate | 101 | ||
| 8154775182 | mali | 102 | ||
| 8154775183 | mansa musa | 103 | ||
| 8154777690 | gujarat | 104 | ||
| 8154777691 | dhow | 105 | ||
| 8154780144 | swahili coast | 106 | ||
| 8154780145 | great zimbabwe | 107 | ||
| 8154780146 | aden | 108 | ||
| 8154783893 | malacca | 109 | ||
| 8154783894 | urdu | 110 | ||
| 8154783895 | timbuktu | 111 | ||
| 8154788743 | arawak | 112 | ||
| 8154788744 | henry the navigator | 113 | ||
| 8154790922 | caravel | 114 | ||
| 8154790923 | gold coast | 115 | ||
| 8154793881 | barrolomeu dias | 116 | ||
| 8154796954 | vasco da gama | 117 | ||
| 8154801911 | christopher columbus | 118 | ||
| 8154804974 | ferdinand magellan | 119 | ||
| 8154804975 | conquistadors | 120 | ||
| 8154807885 | hernan cortes | 121 | ||
| 8154807886 | moctezuma 2 | 122 | ||
| 8154810797 | atahualpa | 123 | ||
| 8154811174 | francisco pizarro | 124 |
