Bentley Unit Two - chapters 7 - 12
Terms : Hide Images
| 5136148324 | Cyrus | Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. He allowed the Jews to return to their homeland | 0 | |
| 5136269429 | Beaureucrats | Individuals responsible for running the day-to-day affairs of the Empire. Become an important class in the Persian Empire | 1 | |
| 5136148325 | Darius | Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage. | 2 | |
| 5136298851 | Persian Royal Road | 1,600 mile highway built by the Achaemenid Empire linking various parts of the empire | 3 | |
| 5136148326 | Eyes and Ears of the King | Inspectors who made unannounced visits to provinces in Persia and reported back to the king to check up on the local government | 4 | |
| 5136175560 | Medes and Persians | Nomadic, Indo-Europeans from Central Asia who will become the founders of the Achaemenid empire under Cyrus | 5 | |
| 5136148327 | Xerxes | son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C and was eventually defeated | 6 | |
| 5136148328 | Mithradates I | The Parthians greatest conqueror; he had consolidated his hold on Iran and had also extended Parthian rule to Mesopotamia. | 7 | |
| 5136148329 | Alexander the Great | Successor of Philip of Macedon; Overthrows the Persian Empire; First global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; Empire divided after his death; spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement | 8 | |
| 5136148331 | Zarathustra | Chief prophet of the Ancient Persian religion known as Zoroastrianism, which influenced Jewish and later Christian belief as well as the culture of the Persian Empire | 9 | |
| 5136148332 | Achaemenids | Persian dynasty which traced its lineage back to an ancestor named Achaemenes; founded by Cyrus | 10 | |
| 5136148333 | Persepolis | the great capital of the ancient Persian Empire | 11 | |
| 5136148334 | Satraps | under Darius's rule, these were known as governors who ruled the provinces. They collected taxes, served as judges, and put down rebellions | 12 | |
| 5136148336 | Persian Wars | Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. | 13 | |
| 5136148337 | Seleucids | One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great. Territory included most of the former Achaemenid empire | 14 | |
| 5136148338 | Parthians | Persian dynasty who overthrew the Seleucids. Based in Iran and extended to Mesopotamia. Had very heavy calvary (horses and armored troops). Government followed the example of the Achaemenid administration. | 15 | |
| 5136148340 | Qanut | Underground canals prevalent throughout the Iranian Plateau of the Persian Empire | 16 | |
| 5136148339 | Sasanids | Overthrew the Parthians; Last powerful Persian dynasty of the classical period that would reach its peak under Shapur I and later fall to Islamic/Arabic expansion. | 17 | |
| 5136148341 | Ahura Mazda | Main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the maligned spirit angra mainyu. | 18 | |
| 5136148342 | Angra Mainyu | evil spirit in zoroastrianism, the explanation for the presence of evil in the world | 19 | |
| 5136148343 | Avesta | The sacred text of Zoroastrianism, which includes the very old hymns known as the Gathas, along with more recent material. | 20 | |
| 5136148344 | Confucius | Chinese philosphere and teacher; his belifs, known as confusoinism greatly influenced chinese life | 21 | |
| 5136402859 | ren, li and xiao | Personal qualities of Confucianism all necessary for forming "superior individuals" (junzi) -ren: courteous, respectful, loyal -li: sense of propriety; individuals behave in conventionally appropriate fashion -xiao: filial piety (respect, welfare and remembrance of parents, elders and ancestors) | 22 | |
| 5136148345 | Analects | compilation of Confucius's sayings in a book created by his pupils | 23 | |
| 5136388044 | Junzi | Confucian ideal of "superior individuals" serving as rulers | 24 | |
| 5136148346 | Mencius | (371?-289 BCE), Chinese philosopher, who studied Confucianism. He later refined many of the ideas and spread them across China. Emphasized the ren over the li. Accused of having an overly-optimistic view of human nature | 25 | |
| 5137132987 | Xunzi | Confucianist who emphasized the li over the ren. He believed humans were selfish and thus strong discipline was necessary | 26 | |
| 5136148347 | Laozi | Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature. | 27 | |
| 5136148348 | Qin Shihuangdi | The "First Emperor" of China. He built road and canals and began the Great Wall of China. He also imposed a standard system of laws, money, weights, and writing. | 28 | |
| 5137276556 | Xiongnu | powerful nomadic horseman of central Asia conquered by the Han under Han Wudi | 29 | |
| 5136148349 | Han Wudi | The most important Han Emperor: expanded the Empire in all directions; created the Civil Service System based upon Confucian learning; established Imperial University; promoted the Silk Roads | 30 | |
| 5137158769 | daodejing | exposition of Daoist beliefs- promoted the trait known as wuwei (disengagement from world and live simple lives in harmony with nature.) | 31 | |
| 5136148350 | Confucianism | The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. | 32 | |
| 5136148351 | Daoism | Response to turbulence of the Warring States. Believed that it was pointless to waste energy on solving problems that defied solutions. Instead, one should devote energies to reflection and introspection not Confucianism social activisim | 33 | |
| 5180150765 | Dao | Means "the way of nature"; original force of the cosmos that governs all workings of the world. Living in harmony with the Dao means avoiding the activism and ambition. Live a simple life. | 34 | |
| 5180166657 | wuwei | Daoist belief to disengage from the affairs of the world; live simple lives in harmony with nature (the Dao) | 35 | |
| 5136148352 | Legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. | 36 | |
| 5136148353 | Qin Dynasty | The dynasty that replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country. (all-powerful centralized state). *Rapid progress, but short-lived (lasted only 14 years) due to ruthlessness | 37 | |
| 5136148354 | Han dynasty | A great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles. Han rulers chose officials (bureaucracy) on merit rather than birth. It was a time of prosperity. | 38 | |
| 5180203399 | Wang Mang | Han emperor known as the "socialist emperor" who tried to end social tension through land reforms. He was assassinated by the wealthy for his efforts. | 39 | |
| 5180195238 | Classic of Filial Piety & Admonitions for Women | Chinese literature during the Han which promoted a patriarchal family (women's devotion to husband and family. | 40 | |
| 5137247865 | Hegemony | leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others. | 41 | |
| 5136148355 | Sericulture | the production of raw silk by raising silkworms | 42 | |
| 5136148356 | Yellow Turban Uprising | Large revolt throughout China during the Han dynasty led by desperate peasants wearing yellow turbans. This uprising tested the resilience of the Han state during the late second century CE. | 43 | |
| 5136148357 | Chandragupta Maurya | He founded India's first empire (Mauryan). He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India. | 44 | |
| 5136148358 | Ashoka | The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire. | 45 | |
| 5136148359 | Chandra Gupta | Laid the foundations for the Gupta empire, he forged alliances with powerful families in the Ganges Region and established a dynamic kingdom about the year 320 C.E. known as the Golden Age | 46 | |
| 5180265554 | Mahabharata and the Ramayana | Indian literature that promoted the patriarchal family and submissiveness of women | 47 | |
| 5180268901 | The Caste System | Strict social system of the Indo-Aryans consisting of four classes of people: priests (brahmins); warriors and aristocrats (kshatriyas), peasants and merchants (vaishayas), and serfs (shudras) | 48 | |
| 5180289658 | Janism | Founded by a teacher named Mahavira. Believed that everything (including inanimate objects) possessed a soul. Only purification (principle of ahimsa) can release these souls from their physical and psychological suffering. The religion was too strict for the average person to practice. | 49 | |
| 5180330038 | Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path | -Four Noble Truths: doctrine of Buddhism stressing that desire causes suffering. -Eightfold Path: guidelines for eliminating desire in order to achieve enlightenment (salvation) | 50 | |
| 5180369187 | Popular Hinduism | A change in the Hindu ethical system which made it easier for lay persons to pursue salvation. Based on the ideas of dharma (living moral life and fulfilling the duties of your caste), artha (pursuit of economic well-being and prosperity), Kama (enjoyment of physcial, social and sexual pleasure). If you fulfill your dharma, kama and artha, then you will gain good karma and achieve moksha (salvation of the soul) and enter nirvana. | 51 | |
| 5180347683 | Mahayana Buddhism | New form of Buddhism which becomes much more accessible to the average person thus increasing the popularity of Buddhism. Changes includes worshipping the Buddha as a god or savior. Based on the idea of boddhisatva meaning individuals who reached nirvana could remain on earth to help others. | 52 | |
| 5180310175 | ahimsa | Belief of Janism in promoting non-violence to other living things or their souls. Important in the pursuit of purification for freeing these souls | 53 | |
| 5180278240 | Jati | Subcastes which started as the result of the guilds formed by new groups of artisans, craftsmen and merchants who did not have a place in the traditional caste system. | 54 | |
| 5136148360 | Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha | 55 | |
| 5136148361 | Mauryan Empire | The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. Used a political handbook known as the Arthashastra as a guide for running the government. | 56 | |
| 5136148362 | Kushan Empire | Ruled central Asia to Northern India, important in spreading Buddhism to Chinese, took control of the Silk Road route. | 57 | |
| 5180409325 | Iliad and the Odyssey | literature authored by Homer describing the Trojan War and chaos during the time of the Mycenaeans. | 58 | |
| 5180421983 | Polis | Greek city state including a citadel or fortified site (acropolis) and surrounding regions. | 59 | |
| 5180429008 | Tyrant | One who seizes power through irregular or illegal means. Often had the support of the masses. | 60 | |
| 5180431754 | Sparta | Greek city state located in Peloponnesus known for its' military-based society (largely due to controlling the helots- conquered peoples who basically functioned as slaves for the Spartans) | 61 | |
| 5180442374 | Athens | Greek city-state known for developing a democratic state under the leadership of Solon. It becomes the most sophisticated city-state under the direction of Pericles. | 62 | |
| 5180239013 | Bactria | A thriving commercial center linking China and the Mediterranean basin. Established the Bactrian Kingdom after decline of the Mauryans. The Bactrians were a mix of Greeks (imperial heirs of Alexander the Great) and Indo-Europeans. | 63 | |
| 5136148363 | Gupta Empire | Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. | 64 | |
| 5136148364 | White Huns | Nomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration | 65 | |
| 5136148365 | Buddhism | a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire | 66 | |
| 5136148366 | Bhagavad Gita | The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit. | 67 | |
| 5136148367 | Homer | ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC) | 68 | |
| 5136148368 | Pericles | Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece | 69 | |
| 5136148369 | Socrates | Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth | 70 | |
| 5136148370 | Plato | Student of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society | 71 | |
| 5136148371 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. | 72 | |
| 5180556189 | Hellenistic Philosophies | Addressed individual needs by searching for personal tranquility and pleasure. Three philosophies: -Epicureans: pleasure is the greatest good -Skeptics: refuse to take positions on political, moral and social issues because of doubting the possibility of certain knowledge. -Stoics: individuals have a duty to aid others and live virtuous lives. | 73 | |
| 5136148372 | Minoan society | Inhabited the island of Crete (major city: Knossos); around 2200 B.C.E. they acted as the center of maritime trade in the Mediterranean; used Linear A, an undecipherable syllabic alphabet; through a series of both natural disasters (1700 B.C.E.) and foreign invaders, were conquered by 1100 B.C.E. | 74 | |
| 5136148373 | Mycenaean society | Indo-European invaders descend through Balkans into Peloponnesus c. 2200 B.C.E.; influenced by Minoan society; had a major settlement in Mycenae; used a syllabic alphabet called Linear B (evolved form of Linear A); inhabited Greece, Crete, Anatolia, Sicily, and Italy; c. 1200 B.C.E., engaged in conflicts with Troy | 75 | |
| 5136148374 | Trojan War | A war, fought around 1200 B.C., in which an army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of Troy in Anatolia | 76 | |
| 5136148377 | Persian War & King Darius | Conflict between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire. Started due to uprising of Greek cities along the Ionian coast. Darius crushes rebellion and seeks revenge by attacking Athens. Persians are defeated at the Battle of Marathon. | 77 | |
| 5180473563 | Persian War & King Xerxes | Ten years after Marathon, Xerxes engages in military campaign to conquer Greece. The Greeks will defeat Xerxes and the Persian Empire | 78 | |
| 5136148378 | Delian League | Formed after the Persian Wars, an alliance of city-states under the leadership of Athens with the purpose of defending against any future Persian attacks | 79 | |
| 5136148379 | Peloponnesian War | a war in which Athens and her allies were defeated by Sparta and its' allies. | 80 | |
| 5180496393 | Kingdom of Macedon | state north of the Greek peninsula. Under the leadership of King Phillip, the Macedonians will conquer the Greek city-states in the time following the Peloponnesian War. | 81 | |
| 5180507779 | Hellenistic Empires | Three large empires formed by Alexander's general following his death. 1. Antigonid Empire- realm of Geece and Macedon 2. Ptolemaic Empire- Egypt (known for the great cosmopolitan and commercial city of Alexandria) 3. Seleucid Empire- Most of the former Persian Empire | 82 | |
| 5136148380 | Hellenistic Age | Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam. | 83 | |
| 5136148381 | Antigonid Empire | The empire in Greece after the breakup of Alexander's empire. | 84 | |
| 5136148382 | Ptolemaic Empire | The Hellenistic empire in Egypt area after Alexander's death; created by Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals. | 85 | |
| 5136148383 | Seleucid Empire | The empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire. | 86 | |
| 5136148384 | Gracchi brothers | two brothers (Tiberius and Gaius); they promoted giving land and voting reforms to the poor. Both were killed because they advocated these reforms | 87 | |
| 5136148385 | Julius Caesar | Brilliant military general who becomes widely popular among the Roman masses. Due to instituting various land and social reforms, he was assassinated by the wealthy conservatives in the Senate. Brings about another civil war for 13 years. | 88 | |
| 5186338111 | Octavian (Augustus Caesar) | Nephew of Julius Caesar, who emerges as the winner of the civil war after the death of Julius Caesar. The moment considered the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire under imperial ruler. (monarchy disguised as a republic) | 89 | |
| 5136148387 | Cicero | Roman intellectual who establishes stoicism as the most prominent school of moral philosophy in Rome. He argued that the pursuit of justice was the individual's highest public duty and scorned those who sought to abuse power or accumulate wealth. | 90 | |
| 5136148388 | Etruscans | A dynamic people from Anatolia who dominated much of Italy between the eighth and fifth centuries BCE. Deeply influenced the early development of Rome. Several Etruscans served as Roman Kings. | 91 | |
| 5136148389 | The Punic Wars | Three wars between Rome and Carthage (dominant power in North Africa) resulting in the destruction of Carthage and its annexation by Rome. Beginning of Roman expansion outside of the Italian peninsula. | 92 | |
| 5136148390 | Twelve tables | the earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law | 93 | |
| 5136148391 | Patricians | hereditary aristocrats and wealthy classes in the early Roman aristocratic republic. In the early days, the consuls, assemblies and senates consisted of Patricians only. | 94 | |
| 5136148392 | Plebeians | Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders . The Plebeians will eventually gain representation in the Republic through the tribunes and eventually gain the right to one of the consuls. Over time, they will begin to dominate the assemblies as well. | 95 | |
| 5136148393 | Latifundia | Large farming estates owned by wealthy families in Ancient Rome. Many of these estates were conquered territories. With these large estates and slaves, the wealthy were able to put the small landowning farmers out of business. Contributes to conflict and civil war between the social classes | 96 | |
| 5186132169 | Consuls | One of the branches of the Roman Republic made up of two individuals with executive powers chosen by the assembly | 97 | |
| 5186157854 | The Roman Rebulbic: The Senate, Assembly & Tribunes | Senate: The most powerful branch/body of the Roman Republic whose members came from the wealthy classes. Advised the consuls and ratified all major decisions. Assembly: government body in the Republic who elected the consuls Tribunes: elected officials among the Plebeians with the power to veto measures they considered unfair | 98 | |
| 5186510102 | Cult of Mithras and Isis | *Mithraism: Religion of salvation associated with the Zoroastrian god, Mithras. Promised a union with Mithras to those who lived morals and the cult's teachings *Cult of Isis: Most popular of Mediterranean religions before Christianity. Many adored the Egyptian goddess because of her promise to nurture and protect those who worship her. | 99 | |
| 5186533970 | cult | a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object. | 100 | |
| 5186568652 | Essenes | A Jewish sect who looked for a savior to deliver them from Roman rule. Sect: a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs from those of a larger group to which they belong. | 101 | |
| 5136148394 | Pax Romana | A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire beginning with Augustus Caesar (lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180). Time of expansion & military conquests, as well as economic and political (legal) integration throughout the empire. Time of remarkable technological advances (roads, aqueducts, public buildings, stadiums, etc.) | 102 | |
| 5136148395 | Constantine | Emperor after Diocletian who won a power struggle to become the sole emperor of both the Eastern and Western Roman Empires. Built a new capital city called Constantinople (located in the eastern district of the empire) | 103 | |
| 5136148396 | Silk roads | Trade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire | 104 | |
| 5186445474 | pater familias | Heads of the family (usually the eldest male) who had significant power and authority over family members. This power was backed by Roman laws. | 105 | |
| 5136148397 | Nestorians | Early branch of Christianity, named after the fifth-century Greek theologian Nestorius, that emphasized the human nature of Jesus Christ. | 106 | |
| 5186251241 | The Civil War: Marius & Sulla | Marius: Roman general, who favored the social reformers puts Rome under military occupation. Sulla: Roman general, who favored the conservative, aristocratic classes, conquers Rome after death of Marius | 107 | |
| 5186594283 | Paul of Tarsus | Jewish follower of Jesus who was instrumental is spreading Christianity throughout the Roman Empire | 108 | |
| 5186626876 | Martyrs | a person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs. Many Christians will become martyrs due to persecution from the Roman Empire. | 109 | |
| 5187285605 | Diocletion | To make governing the empire more manageable, he divided the empire into two administrative districts (Eastern and Western) with co-emperors in charge of each district. His military, political and economic reforms helped bring order back to the Empire. | 110 | |
| 5188257638 | Germanic peoples | Groups including the Visigoths, Ostrogoths and Franks flood into and settle within the Western Roman Empire due to pressure from the invading Huns. The Visigoths will even sack Rome in 410 CE. Roman imperial authority in the western half of the empire officially comes to an end in 476 CE | 111 | |
| 5136148398 | Edict of Milan | Issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire. The emperor Theodosius, Constantine's successor, will make Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. | 112 | |
| 5188336865 | St. Augustine | His writings make Christianity an intellectually respectable alternative to Hellenistic philosophy and popular religions of salvation. | 113 | |
| 5136148399 | Council of Nicaea | (325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time such as the issue of the Trinity | 114 | |
| 5188368077 | Bishop of Rome and the Patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria and Constantinople | Top religious authorities in the Christian church. | 115 | |
| 5186948847 | The Silk Roads | the network of trade routes (included a network of sea lanes as well that linked lands as distant as China and the Roman Empire--and more generally to the establishment of relations between China and lands to the west. | 116 | |
| 5187159559 | Epidemic | a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. | 117 | |
| 5188538006 | small pox, measles, and bubonic plague | deadly diseases spread along trade routes; populations in Chinese and Roman Empire will decline sharply as a result | 118 |
