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| 83786785 | Roman Republic | the period from 507 to 31 BCE, during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. | 0 | |
| 83786786 | Roman Senate | A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. | 1 | |
| 83786787 | patron/client relationship | in ancient Rome, a fundamental social relationship in which a wealthy and powerful individual provided legal and economic protection and assistance to men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported the political careers and economic interests of their patron. | 2 | |
| 83786788 | Roman Principate | a term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries CE, based on the ambiguous title "princeps" adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship. | 3 | |
| 83786789 | Augustus | honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of th Roman Senate. after defeating all rivals, between 31 BCE and 14 CE, he laid the groundwork for several centuries of stability and prosperity in the Roman Empire. | 4 | |
| 83786790 | equites | in ancient Italy, prosperous landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy. the roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and used the equites to staff the imperial civil service. | 5 | |
| 83786791 | pax romana | connoted the stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first 2 centures CE. the movement of people and trade goods along roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cultural practices, technologies, and religious ideas. | 6 | |
| 83786792 | romanization | the process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. it brought political and economic advantages as well as the allure of Roman success. | 7 | |
| 83786793 | Jesus | a Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. became central figure in Christianity. | 8 | |
| 83786794 | Paul | a Jew from Anatolia, initially persecuted the followers of Jesus, but became a Christian. traveled and preached the religion and established churches. began the process by which Christianity separated from Judaism. | 9 | |
| 83786795 | aqueduct | a conduit, either elevated or underground, using gravity to carry water from a souce to a location that needed it | 10 | |
| 83786796 | third-century crisis | the political, military, and economic turmoil that beset the Roman Empire during much of the third century CE: frequent changes of ruler, civil wars, barbarian invasions, decline of urban centers, and near-destruction of long distance commerce and the monetary economy. | 11 | |
| 83786797 | Constantine | Roman emperor. after reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. | 12 | |
| 83786798 | Byzantine Empire | the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the 4th century onward. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. | 13 | |
| 83786799 | Qin | a people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire. | 14 | |
| 83786800 | Shi Huangdi | founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese empire. ruthless conquests of rival states, standardization of practices, and forcible organization of labor for military and engineering tasks. his tomb, with its army of life-size terracotta soldiers, has been partially excavated. | 15 | |
| 83786801 | Han | the ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture or it means the dynasty of emperors | 16 | |
| 83786802 | Chang'an | city in the Wei Valley in eastern China. it became the capital of the Qin and early han Empires. its main features were imitated in the cities and towns that sprang up throughout the Han Empire. | 17 | |
| 83786803 | gentry | in china, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. respected for their education and expertise, became a privileged group and made the govt. more responsible and efficient. | 18 |
