Terms : Hide Images
| 11454812790 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula, culture based on camel and goat nomadism, early converts to Islam. a nomadic Arab who lives in the Arabian, Syrian, or North African deserts polytheistic, a sheikh rules with consent of a tribal council. They worshiped Allah. Each tribe had a sacred stone, but the most revered stone is large black stone at the city of Mecca | 0 | |
| 11454812791 | shaykhs | Leaders of the tribes and clans of Arab Bedouin groups. an Arab leader, in particular the chief or head of an Arab tribe, family, or village. bedouin society leaders usually male with many wives/children/large herds | 1 | |
| 11454812792 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka 'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam. |  | 2 |
| 11454812793 | Umayyad | a member of a Muslim dynasty that ruled the Islamic world from AD 660 (or 661) to 750 and Moorish Spain from 756 to 1031. The dynasty claimed descent from Umayya, a distant relative of Muhammad. members of the Sunni dynasty of caliphs that ruled a Muslim empire from 661 to 750 | 3 | |
| 11454812794 | Umayyad Caliphate | First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate. (661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it. Who: Governor of Syria, Muawiya, and his successors, Shi'ites, Sunnis, Kharijites, Uthman. What: Dynasty based on succession rather than election following the first period of caliphates. Continued advances in the kingdom, venturing as far as China and deep into Asia, claiming Afghanistan for a Muslim base. Fell apart due to tension in the kingdom between the Sunnis, Shi'ites, and Kharijites, the malawis (Muslim converts) and born Muslims, and the religion and state. When: 661-750 Where: Middle East, Damascus Why: Beginning of great strife in the Muslim community |  | 4 |
| 11454812795 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among Bedouin tribes; later incorproated as important shrine in Islam. 1st Islamic shrine that Muslims believe was built by Abraham the building which Muslims face to pray five times a day |  | 5 |
| 11454812796 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. Also known as Yathrib; town located northwest of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to Bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca |  | 6 |
| 11454812797 | Qu'ran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. The holy book of Islam. the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina |  | 7 |
| 11454812798 | Muhammad | the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632) Prophet of Islam; born 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by fathers family; received revelations from Allah in 610 CE and thereafter; died in 632 |  | 8 |
| 11454812799 | Khadijah | (555-619) First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader. | 9 | |
| 11454812800 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a | 10 | |
| 11454812801 | umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity. The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. the community of believers in Islam, which transcends ethnic and political boundaries. | 11 | |
| 11454812802 | zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | 12 | |
| 11454812803 | five pillars | The basic tenets of Islam: Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca; fast during the month of Ramadan; pay alms/zakat for the relief of the weak and the poor; take a hajj to Mecca obligatory religious duties of all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj. |  | 13 |
| 11454812804 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset | 14 | |
| 11454812805 | hajj | The pilgrimage to Mecca required to take by Muslims A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba | 15 | |
| 11454812806 | caliph | The Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad. successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims | 16 | |
| 11454812807 | jihad | The Muslim word for "struggle" especially when trying to follow the will of Allah. Often used for wars in defense of faith. A contoversial term in Islam that literally means "striving in the way of Allah" | 17 | |
| 11454812808 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions. | 18 | |
| 11454812809 | Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. Believers in 4 original caliphs ;founded Umayyad dynasty; made up about 90% of Muslims | 19 | |
| 11454812810 | Shi'a | Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Mainly found in Iran and a small part of Iraq. It is the state religion of Iran. A member of this group is called a Shi'ite. | 20 | |
| 11454812811 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate. | 21 | |
| 11454812812 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate | 22 | |
| 11454812813 | jizya | The tax on people in the Umayyad Caliphate who did not convert to Islam. Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within the Muslim empire Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories | 23 | |
| 11454812814 | dhimmi | member of the "People of the Book" protected when living under Muslim rule Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians is Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus | 24 | |
| 11454812815 | Hadiths | A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law. Traditions of the prophet Muhammad Traditional records of the deeds of Muhammad, and his quotations | 25 | |
| 11454812816 | Abbasids | third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. The rulers who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs. In started in 750 CE. It flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. In the 13th century the Mongols displaced them dynasty that ruled in Bagdad from 750-1258 | 26 | |
| 11454812817 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon. |  | 27 |
| 11454812818 | dhow | ships invented by Arabs with triangular sails used to sail to Africa strongly influenced European ship design | 28 | |
| 11454812819 | sakk | Letters of credit that were common in the medieval Islamic banking world. refers to an Islamic financial certificate representing partial ownership in a debt (sukuk al murabaha), property (sukuk al ijarah), project (sukuk al istisna'a), business (sukuk al musharaka), or investment | 29 | |
| 11454812820 | Hijra | Muhammad's move to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar (632 CE) The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam | 30 | |
| 11454812821 | mosque | A Muslim place of worship | 31 | |
| 11454812822 | Berbers | have occupied North Africa, specifically the Maghreb, since the beginning of recorded history and until the Islamic conquests of the 8th century CE constituted the dominant ethnic group in the Saharan region. A Neolithic society, marked by domestication and subsistence agriculture, developed in the Saharan and Mediterranean region (the Maghreb) of northern Africa between 6000 and 2000 BC. This type of life, richly depicted in the Tassili n'Ajjer cave paintings of southeastern Algeria, predominated in the Maghreb until the classical period. | 32 | |
| 11454812823 | Sogdian merchants | They are known as Iranian people Buddhism, Islam, and Indian and East Asian cultures influenced the Sogdian culture and shaped it to be cosmopolitan. This took place through the Silk Road bringing these cultures together in Sogdiana who then became heavily involved in trade. the syllabic script of the Sogdians was adopted by the Uighurs and worked into Turkic writing as their culture spread through trading in the Silk Road. a major part in the transfer of goods along the Silk Road. They were the principal merchants. Not only did the they transfer goods they also assisted in cross-cultural exchanges, especially with the Chinese and the Turks. Therefore they held two roles along the Silk Road, typical merchants and facilitators of cultural exchanges. | 33 | |
| 11454812824 | Harun al-Rashid | became the fifth caliph (religious and political leader of an Islamic state) of the Abbasid dynasty (ruling family) in September 786 at the age of twenty. During his reign the power and prosperity of the dynasty was at its height, though it has also been argued that its decline began at that time. | 34 | |
| 11454812825 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid 11th century the first people to invade Anatolia completely. With the establishment of the Anatolian Seljuk State as part of the Great Seljuk Empire began the Islamic period in Turkey. They played a major role in the Middle Ages in defending the Islamic world against the Crusaders, and conquering large parts of the Byzantine Empire. They also did a service to Europe by providing a barrier between them and the raiding Mongols. Finally their importance lay in the fact that they paved the way for the Ottoman Turks. | 35 | |
| 11454812826 | Crusades | a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims | 36 | |
| 11454812827 | Ibn Khaldun | Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (1332-1406) A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations--strong, weak, dissolute. | 37 | |
| 11454812828 | ulama | the theologians and legal experts of Islam. Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-islamic ideas and scientific thinking. | 38 | |
| 11454812829 | Sufis | mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life The branch of Islam that believes in a more mystical connection with Allah. responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia and other regions | 39 | |
| 11454812830 | Mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph. A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. | 40 | |
| 11454812831 | Mongol Empire | an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe. |  | 41 |
| 11454812832 | Chinggis Khan | The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'universal' leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire. Elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China; territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world. (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms. (Ghengis Khan) |  | 42 |
| 11454812833 | Hulegu | 1217-1265 Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis (Ghengis) Khan; was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Asia. Son of Tolui and the Keraite princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of Ariq Böke, Möngke Khan, and Kublai Khan. Hulagu's army greatly expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol Empire, founding the Ilkhanate of Persia, a precursor to the eventual Safavid dynasty, and then the modern state of Iran. Under Hulagu's leadership, the siege of Baghdad (1258) destroyed the greatest center of Islamic power and also weakened Damascus, causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluk Sultanate in Cairo. | 43 | |
| 11454812834 | Mamluks | Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517) Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance | 44 | |
| 11454812835 | Mahmud of Ghazni/Ghaznavids | (971-1030) Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression. Islamic leader who ruled parts of Iran and India between the years 997-1030. Islamic presence in India was quite new at the time. Unaccustomed to ruling a non-Muslim population, he destroyed various Hindu and Buddhist temples. His raids into India are often portrayed as being motivated by money. | 45 | |
| 11454812836 | Muhammad of Ghur | (1173-1206) Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control. | 46 | |
| 11454812837 | Ghurids | a dynasty of Eastern Iranian descent (presumably Tajik, but the exact ethnic origin is uncertain),[6] from the Ghor region of present-day central Afghanistan. The dynasty converted to Sunni Islam from Buddhism,[5] after the conquest of Ghor by the Ghaznavid emperor Mahmud of Ghazni in 1011. Abu Ali ibn Muhammad (reigned 1011-1035) was the first Muslim king of the Ghurid dynasty to construct mosques and Islamic schools in Ghor. | 47 | |
| 11454812838 | Delhi/Delhi Sultanate | Capital of the Mugal empire in Northern India (1206-1526 CE) The successors of Mahmud of Ghazni mounted more campaigns, but directed their goals to creating this empire. Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. Several Turkic and Pashtun dynasties ruled from Delhi: the Slave dynasty (1206-90), the Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), the Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and the Lodi dynasty (1451-1526). Effectively, the Sultanate was replaced by the Moghul Empire in 1526 although there was a brief revival under the Suri Sultans. | 48 | |
| 11454812839 | Malacca (Melaka) | fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands. Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. Malacca became wealthy by building a navy and imposing fees on ships that passed through the Strait of Melaka, a narrow inlet that many ship captains used to travel between ports in India and ports in China. Melaka's prosperity was based on trade rather than agriculture or mining or manufacturing. | 49 | |
| 11454812840 | Al-Andalus/Muslim Iberia | Al-Andalus (Arabic: الأنْدَلُس, trans. al-ʼAndalus; Spanish: al-Ándalus; Portuguese: al-Ândalus; Catalan: al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal. Arabic name given to a nation in the parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims significance: Demonstrated the expansive realm of Islam referred to the territory occupied by the Muslim empire in Southern Spain, which refer to the cities of Almeria, Malaga, Cadiz, Huelva, Seville, Cordoba, Jaen and Granada. This civilization spanned the 8th to the 15th century. In 711, Arabs crossed the Straight of Gibraltar (derived from 'Gabal Al-Tariq': 'Mountain of Tariq') and established control over much of the Iberian Peninsula. Of the Arab conquest, Muslims called the area of the Iberian Peninsula they occupied, "Al-Andalus." This land called Al-Andalus, hence often called "Andalusia" | 50 | |
| 11454812841 | Islamic agricultural revolution | Agricultural revolution during the Islamic Golden Age, in Spain was a fundamental transformation in agriculture from the 8th century to the 13th century in the Muslim lands, a period known as the Islamic Golden Age Some historians have called the diffusion of new crops and agricultural methods to the West through Muslim Spain an agricultural revolution because they had a major impact not only on agricultural production but also on incomes, population levels, urban growth, distribution of labor, industrial output, clothing, cooking, and diet. | 51 | |
| 11454812842 | bhaktic cults/bhakti movement | Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddesses who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshiped gods were Shiva and Vishnu Spurred by the spread of Islam (founded by the prophet Muhammed) to the Southeast, bhaktic cults were a more active form of devotion to the gods and goddesses. ... The gurus and bhaktic mystics stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds to individual gods and goddesses, the objects of intense devotion. | 52 | |
| 11454812843 | Shrivijaya | Trading empire centered on Malacca straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall oped up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion. |  | 53 |
