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| 5672212405 | Ibn Rushd | Muslim philosopher; born in Cordoba, Spain; criticized for blending Plato, Aristotle, and Islamic views; stoned in Great Mosque in Cordoba | 0 | |
| 5672246410 | Zheng He | Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia | 1 | |
| 5672264500 | Renaissance | A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600. | 2 | |
| 5672275767 | Petrarch | Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization. | 3 | |
| 5672283970 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India through the Cape of Good Hope, opening an important commercial sea route. | 4 | |
| 5672311289 | Calicut | by indian ocean in india. Vasco da Gama turned this site into a trading post in 1498. The markets of Calicut offered not only pepper, gingerm cinnamon, and spices but also rubies, emeralds, gold jewelry, and fine cotton textiles by indian ocean in india. Vasco da Gama turned this site into a trading post in 1498. The markets of Calicut offered not only pepper, gingerm cinnamon, and spices but also rubies, emeralds, gold jewelry, and fine cotton textiles. Near the tip of the subcontinent. | 5 | |
| 5672359572 | Henry the Navigator | This Portuguese prince who lead an extensive effort to promote seafaring expertise in the 14th century. Sent many expedition to the coast of West Africa in the 15th century, leading Portugal to discover a route around Africa, ultimately to India. | 6 | |
| 5672359573 | Bills of Exchange | Prototype of the modern check | 7 | |
| 5672363835 | Banking Houses | These European banks developed during the Middle Ages to aid trade. Along with innovations such as bills of exchange, or bank drafts, and credit, the rise of banking houses supported the development of interregional trade in luxury goods. | 8 | |
| 5672368661 | Ethnocentrism | The belief that one's group is of central importance, tendency to judge the practices of other groups by one's own cultural standards. | 9 | |
| 5672368662 | Castile | Along with Aragon, a regional kingdom of the Iberian peninsula, pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims, developed a vigorous military and religious agenda | 10 | |
| 5672372709 | Aragon | Along with Castile, a regional kingdom of the Iberian peninsula, pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims, developed a vigorous military and religious agenda | 11 | |
| 5672379485 | Polynesian Migration | originating from somewhere in Southeast Asia, these people spread out to neighboring islands, bringing Asian culture, trade, and agriculture with them via canoes. | 12 | |
| 5672379486 | Astrolabe | An instrument invented by Muslims that is used to determine direction by figuring out the position of the stars. | 13 | |
| 5672383697 | Carrack | a large galleon sailed in the Mediterranean as a merchantman | 14 | |
| 5672387060 | Caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. | 15 | |
| 5672477641 | Fluyt | Dutch sailing vessel that allowed them to control the Baltic trade. designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with max space and crew efficiency. inexpensive and carried cannons, Dutch world, advanced form of merchant ships / vessels, shallow drafts; development of large ships gives Dutch leadership in world trade; part of golden age of Netherlands | 16 | |
| 5675366941 | world economy | Established by europeans in 16th century; based on control of seas, including Atlantic and Pacific; created international exchanges of food disease and products | 17 | |
| 5675369447 | Christopher Columbus | An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503. | 18 | |
| 5675372449 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world. | 19 | |
| 5675376014 | Joint Stock Companies | Businesses owned by shareholders that invested in exploration and colonization | 20 | |
| 5675379049 | Dutch East India Company | A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British | 21 | |
| 5675383606 | British East Indian Company | Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed | 22 | |
| 5675389713 | Columbian Exchange | The interchange of plants, animals, diseases, and human populations between the Old World and the New World. | 23 | |
| 5675528591 | manioc | The most important American crop introduced into Africa in the sixteenth century | 24 | |
| 5675571592 | Lepanto | Naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire resulting in Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims. | 25 | |
| 5675600327 | core nations | Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials. | 26 | |
| 5675604799 | dependent economic zones | Regions within the world economy that produced raw materials; dependent on European markets and shipping; tendency to build systems based on forced and cheap labor (ex. Brazil) | 27 | |
| 5675604800 | mercantilism | Economic policy common to many absolute monarchies. Government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade and desires new sources of gold and silver bullion, thus fueling more colonialism. | 28 | |
| 5675609077 | Northwest Passage | A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century. | 29 | |
| 5675609078 | mestizos | people of Native American and European descent | 30 | |
| 5675614442 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541). | 31 | |
| 5675614443 | Seven Years War | (1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. | 32 | |
| 5675619177 | Treaty of Paris | agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country | 33 | |
| 5675619178 | Cape Colony | Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus. | 34 | |
| 5675622516 | Boers | Also known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white population of South Africa that was descended from early Dutch settlers | 35 | |
| 5675624861 | Calcutta | British East India Company headquarters in Bengal; captured in 1756 by Indians; later became administrative center for populous Bengal. | 36 | |
| 5675679920 | Niccolo Machiavelli | (1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means." | 37 | |
| 5675679921 | humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements | 38 | |
| 5675684111 | Northern Renaissance | Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe, began later than the Italian Renaissance (circa 1450), centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany, featured a greater emphasis on religion than the Italian Renaissance | 39 | |
| 5675684112 | Francis I | King of France in the 16th century, regarded as a Renaissance monarch, patron of the arts, imposed new controls on the Catholic church, ally of the Ottoman sultan against the Holy Roman Emperor | 40 | |
| 5675690403 | Johannes Gutenberg | 1400-1468. German goldsmith and printer who is credited with inventing movable printing type in Europe abround 1439. Created the 42-line Gutenberg Bible, noted for its high aesthetic and technical quality. HIs printing technology was a key factor in the European Renaissance, and is considered on eof the most important inventions of all time. | 41 | |
| 5675690404 | reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | 42 | |
| 5675694430 | Martin Luther | A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation. | 43 | |
| 5675694431 | Anglican Church | church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases | 44 | |
| 5675699007 | Jean Calvin | French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America | 45 | |
| 5675701886 | Catholic Reformation | a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation | 46 | |
| 5675701887 | Jesuits | Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. | 47 | |
| 5675705576 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. | 48 | |
| 5675705577 | Thirty Years War | Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia (1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. | 49 | |
| 5675711376 | Treaty of Westphalia | 1648, ended the 30 Year War and created the state system. | 50 | |
| 5675711377 | English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king | 51 | |
| 5675744173 | Copernicus | 1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. | 52 | |
| 5675974197 | witchcraft persecution | Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth, resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650, particularly common in Protestant areas | 53 | |
| 5675983182 | scientific revolution | A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. | 54 | |
| 5675983183 | Galileo | (1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life. | 55 | |
| 5675987629 | Isaac Newton | (1642-1727) English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited a universe operating in accord with natural law. | 56 | |
| 5675987630 | Deism | The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. | 57 | |
| 5675991569 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | 58 | |
| 5675991570 | absolute monarchy | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies. | 59 | |
| 5675995779 | Louis XIV | (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. | 60 | |
| 5675995780 | Versailles | A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette | 61 | |
| 5676001980 | Glorious Revolution | A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. | 62 | |
| 5676006617 | parliamentary monarchy | Originated in England and Holland in the 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments | 63 | |
| 5676010239 | Fredrick the Great | King of Prussia who used the military to strengthen the nation's power | 64 | |
| 5676010240 | enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. | 65 | |
| 5676013451 | Adam Smith | (1723-1790) Scottish philosophe who formulated laws that governed the economy to benefit human society | 66 | |
| 5676017635 | Mary Wollstonecraft | British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 "Vindication of the Rights of Women." | 67 | |
| 5676054661 | Ivan the Great | (1462-1505) The Slavic Grand Duke of Moscow, he ended nearly 200 years of Mongol domination of his dukedom. From then on he worked at extending his territories, subduing the nobles, and attaining absolute power. | 68 | |
| 5676054662 | Ivan the Terrible | (1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. | 69 | |
| 5676060898 | Cossacks | Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | 70 | |
| 5676086736 | Time of Troubles | 1604-1613, During which the Russian nobles elected series of tsars a tried to demand their liberties. Contending factions and civil war. Finally in 1613 national assembly elected a 17 year old boy as tsar - start of Romanov dynasty. | 71 | |
| 5676086737 | Romanovs | Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries. | 72 | |
| 5676089675 | Peter the Great | (1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 73 | |
| 5676089676 | Catherine the Great | ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations | 74 | |
| 5676094277 | Partition of Poland | Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe. | 75 | |
| 5676094278 | Third Rome | Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453. | 76 | |
| 5676113539 | St. Petersburg | The major city in Russia along with Moscow | 77 | |
| 5676158838 | Ferdinand of Aragon | (r.1479-1516) Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World. | 78 | |
| 5676162593 | Isabella of Castile | (1451-1504)Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World. | 79 | |
| 5676162594 | encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. | 80 | |
| 5676169746 | Hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World. | 81 | |
| 5676174450 | Bartolome de las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor. | 82 | |
| 5676178799 | Hernan Cortes | 1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico | 83 | |
| 5676182630 | Moctezuma II | (1466-1520) Aztec ruler from 1502 to 1520; he was the emperor of the Aztecs when Cortés and his army conquered the empire. He was taken prisoner and killed during battle with the Spanish army. | 84 | |
| 5676190302 | Potosi | Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver. | 85 | |
| 5676194072 | Huancavelica | Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí. | 86 | |
| 5676194073 | hacienda | Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations. They often represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners of Haciendas would have agreements of loyalty to the capital but would retain control over the actual land. This continued even into the 20th century. | 87 | |
| 5676194074 | galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion. | 88 | |
| 5676198348 | Treaty of Tordesillas | A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | 89 | |
| 5676198349 | Council of the Indies | The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities. | 90 | |
| 5676204277 | viceroyalties | Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the King. | 91 | |
| 5676263976 | Minas Gerais | Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior were gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush. | 92 | |
| 5676263977 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763. | 93 | |
| 5676269418 | peninsulares | Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class. | 94 | |
| 5676269419 | creoles | In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. | 95 | |
| 5676278179 | mulatto | A person of mixed African and European ancestry | 96 | |
| 5676281964 | War of the Spanish Succession | war fought over the Spanish throne; Louis XIV wanted it for his son and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France | 97 | |
| 5676281965 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. | 98 | |
| 5676303450 | Communero Revolt | rebellion in New Granada in 1781 that almost proved disastrous until racial tensions stopped more violence | 99 | |
| 5676307035 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of creole fears of real social revolution. | 100 | |
| 5676307036 | smallpox | A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans. | 101 | |
| 5676310719 | measles | Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash | 102 | |
| 5676310720 | influenza | a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever, severe aching, and catarrh, and often occurring in epidemics. | 103 | |
| 5676317875 | Republica de Indios | Spanish America separates into two separate groups. Both have their own hereditary ability and have special treatment as a kind of aristocracy. The Indian nobility, however, dies out and Europeans move in and take over. | 104 | |
| 5676317876 | chattel slavery | A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property. | 105 | |
| 5676322048 | corvee labor | Unpaid labor required by a governing authority | 106 | |
| 5676328916 | indentured servitude | A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. | 107 | |
| 5676362043 | triangular trade | Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies. | 108 | |
| 5676362044 | Asante | African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. A major participant in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. | 109 | |
| 5676366393 | asantehene | Title taken by ruler of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool. | 110 | |
| 5676366394 | Dahomey | Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves. | 111 | |
| 5676369241 | Great Trek | Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal. | 112 | |
| 5676369242 | Zulu | New states emerged on the edge of expanding empires. As the British expanded their South African colony, the ____ Kingdom came into being, led by a man named Shaka. | 113 | |
| 5676369243 | Shaka | A Zulu chief in Southern Africa who used soldiers and good military organization to create a large centralized state. | 114 | |
| 5676372308 | Middle Passage | The voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. | 115 | |
| 5676376420 | candomble | African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people. | 116 | |
| 5676376421 | vodun | African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti. | 117 | |
| 5676391127 | William Wilberforce | A british statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to the end of the English slave trade in 1807. Also had a goal to produce children with education in reading, hygiene and religion. | 118 | |
| 5676470555 | Ottomans | Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world. | 119 | |
| 5676477116 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire. | 120 | |
| 5676477117 | Janissaries | 30,000 Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. | 121 | |
| 5676482687 | the devshirme | A conscription of Christian youths from the empire's European lands who required each village to hand over males b/w ages 8-18, Educated and prepared to serve sultan | 122 | |
| 5676482688 | vizier | a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries | 123 | |
| 5676488450 | Sulieman the Magnificent | The sultan who presided over a "golden age" and the greatest Ottoman assault on Christian Europe was | 124 | |
| 5676491921 | Suleymaniye Mosque | Great mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th-century reign of the Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent who was possibly the greatest of all Ottoman rulers |  | 125 |
| 5676491922 | Safavids | A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans and Arabs. | 126 | |
| 5676494984 | shah | The title of the former ruler of Iran | 127 | |
| 5676494985 | imams | According to Shi'ism, rulers who could trace descent from the successors of Ali | 128 | |
| 5676497439 | mullahs | Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism. | 129 | |
| 5676497440 | Isfahan | Persian capital from the 16th to 18th centuries under the Safavid Empire. Still a major cultural center of Iran today. | 130 | |
| 5676500651 | Mughals | muslim rulers over india, combined Hindu and Muslim, brought India to the peak of its political empire, had a single government with a common culture | 131 | |
| 5676507432 | Akbar the Great | (1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion. | 132 | |
| 5676542540 | Din-i-Ilahi | Religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindu and Muslims in India, but failed. | 133 | |
| 5676542541 | sati | A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals. | 134 | |
| 5676542542 | Taj Mahal | beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife |  | 135 |
| 5676546176 | Marattas | Western Indian peoples who rebelled against Mughal control early in the 18th century and contributed to its downfall mainly because of Aurangzeb's draconian religious policies. | 136 | |
| 5676546177 | Sikhism | Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. | 137 | |
| 5676551160 | zamindars | Mughal officials, kept a portion of taxes paid by the local peasants, expected to forward the rest of their taxes from the land to the central government. | 138 | |
| 5676582916 | Asian sea trading network | Divided, from West to East, into three zones prior to the European arrival: an Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian zone, with cotton textiles; and a Chinese zone, with paper, porcelain, and silks. | 139 | |
| 5676582917 | Ormuz | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located at southern end of Persian Gulf; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network. | 140 | |
| 5676585700 | Goa | state on the western coast of India | 141 | |
| 5676585701 | Batavia | Fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. | 142 | |
| 5676601874 | Dutch trading empire | The Dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products. | 143 | |
| 5676601875 | scholar-gentry | Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China. | 144 | |
| 5676605350 | Macao | Portuguese had trading rights here Trading post of the Portuguese in China | 145 | |
| 5676605351 | Canton | One of the 2 port cities where Europeans were permitted to trade with China during the Ming Dynasty. | 146 | |
| 5676610481 | Nobunaga | The first Japanese daimyo to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed the last Ashikaga shogun; unified much of central Honshu; died in 1582. | 147 | |
| 5676614874 | Toyotomi Hideyoshi | General under Nobanga; suceeded as leading military power in Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constucted a series of military alliances that made him the military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598. | 148 | |
| 5676618206 | Tokugawa leyasu | One of the three great unifiers that was the successor of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. He claimed the title of shogun in 1603, initiating the most powerful and long-lasting of all Japanese shogunates. | 149 | |
| 5676618207 | Edo | Ancient name for Tokyo | 150 | |
| 5676623820 | salaried samurai | A samurai receiving a salary rather than a wage | 151 | |
| 5676623821 | Deshima | Island in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter. | 152 | |
| 5676628473 | School of National Learning | New ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imports such as Confucianism; typical of Japan in 18th century. | 153 | |
| 5676628474 | Manchu | Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties. | 154 |
