Vocab for final
Terms : Hide Images
| 256869955 | Paleolithic | -period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans -1st | 0 | |
| 256869956 | Neolithic | -period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s) -2nd | 1 | |
| 256884128 | Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution(s) | -the change from food fathering to food production -(8000-2000 BCE) | 2 | |
| 256884129 | megalith | -structures and complexes of very large stones -constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes -Neolithic times | 3 | |
| 256884130 | city-state | -a small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory -(Characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.) | 4 | |
| 256884131 | Hammurabi | -Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 BCE) -conquered many city-states in S and N Mesopotamia -best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. | 5 | |
| 256884132 | ziggurat | -a massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks -associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities -function unknown | 6 | |
| 256884133 | cuneiform | -system of writing -wedge-shaped symbols represent words or syllables -originated in Mesopotamia -used for Sumerian and Akkadian -later adapted to represent other languages of W Asia -literacy of this confined to small group of admins | 7 | |
| 256884134 | papyrus | -reed that grows along banks of Nile -from it produced a coarse paper-like writing medium -for Egyptians and surrounding areas | 8 | |
| 256884135 | hieroglyphics | -system of writing where picture symbols represent sounds, syllables, or concepts -used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt -confined to small group of admins | 9 | |
| 256884136 | loess | -light silt deposited by wind and water -fertile soil of Yellow River Valley -not compact, gives Yellow River color | 10 | |
| 256884137 | divination | -techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of gods by interpreting natural phenomena -China use cracks of oracle bones -Greece use flight of birds through sky | 11 | |
| 256884138 | Mandate of Heaven | -Chinese religious and political ideology -developed by the Zhou -chief deity grant power to ruler of China -if ruler fail to do what best for people can be replaced | 12 | |
| 256884139 | Legalism | -Chinese -political philosophy that emphasize unruliness of human nature -justified state state control -Qin used to validate authoritative nature of regime | 13 | |
| 256884140 | Confucius | -Kongzi -doctrine of duty and public service influence Chinese thought and code of conduct for gov officials -hierarchy and duty | 14 | |
| 256884141 | Dao | -PATH OF NATURE -Chinese school of thought by Laozi -alternative to Confucian emphasis of hierarchy and duty -world always changing -accept world as they find it | 15 | |
| 256884142 | yin/yang | -complementary factors help maintain equilibrium of world -1st with female--dark passive qualities -2nd with male--light active qualities | 16 | |
| 256884143 | Akhenaten | -Egyptian pharaoh -earliest instance of monotheism -built new capital of Amarna -impose worship of sun-disk (Aten- supress traditional gods) -letters from under his rain preserve official correspondences | 17 | |
| 256884144 | Minoan | -civilization of Aegean island of Crete -people engaged in far-flung commerce in Med -cultural influence on early Greeks | 18 | |
| 256884145 | Israelites | -people of Israel -freed from Egyptians by Moses -40 years in desert | 19 | |
| 256884146 | monotheism | -belief in existence of single divine entity -Akhenaten and Yahweh | 20 | |
| 256884147 | diaspora | -communities of given ethnic groups living outside their homeland -means dispersal -eg. Jews | 21 | |
| 256884148 | Carthage | -city founded by Phoenicians about 800 BCE -major commercial center and naval power in Med -defeated by Rome | 22 | |
| 256884149 | satrap | -governor of province in Persian Empire -responsible for protection of province and forwarding tribute to central admin -farther out = more freedom | 23 | |
| 256884150 | Cyrus | -founder of Persian Empire -conqueror -Iran and subject people traditions -Persians and Medes in admin -respected institutions and beliefs of subject peoples | 24 | |
| 256884151 | Zoroastrianism | -Iran religion with prophet Zoroaster -single deity-- Ahuramazda -ideas of heaven and hell, etc. -influence Judaism, Christianity, more | 25 | |
| 256884152 | polis | -Greek term for city0state -urban center and agricultural territory under its control -characteristic of Greek political organization -some oligarchic and some democratic | 26 | |
| 256884153 | hoplites | -heavily armed Greek infantry -fight in close-packed formation -middle and upper class, own equipment -superior force | 27 | |
| 256884154 | tyrant | -someone who seize and hold power in violation of normal procedure and tradition of community -Greek -take advantage of disaffection of middle class -contribute advancement of democracy | 28 | |
| 256884155 | Pericles | -aristocratic leader who guide Athens state from transformation to democracy for male citizens -construct Acropolis -expansions led to Peloponnesian War | 29 | |
| 256884156 | trireme | -Greek and Phoenician warship -sleek, light -170 oars in 3 vertical tiers -manned by skilled sailors -short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers | 30 | |
| 256884157 | Hellenistic Age | -time when Greek culture spread across W Asia and NE Africa -conquests of Alexander the Great | 31 | |
| 256884158 | Alexander | -king of Macedonia in N Greece -conquer Persian Empire -found many Greek-style cities -spread Greek culture across Mid East | 32 | |
| 256884159 | Roman Republic | -Period when Rome ruled by Roman Senate -A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president | 33 | |
| 256892234 | paterfamilias | -male head of houshold | 34 | |
| 256892235 | latifundia | -large estates in ancient Rome -purchase farmers who are in army's land and run it by slaves -cash crops -make Italy dependent on foreign grain | 35 | |
| 256892236 | princeps | -term used for 'emperor' of Rome -after Republic -really an empire -'first among equals' | 36 | |
| 256892237 | Augustus | -name for Octavian -found Roman Principate, military dictatorship -defeat all rivals -time of stability and prosperity | 37 | |
| 256892238 | pax romana | -'Roman peace' -refer to stability and prosperity of Roman Empire -spread of culture, technology, and religion | 38 | |
| 256892239 | aqueducts | -water carrying elevated or underground -use gravity to carry water from source to location-- usually to city -Romans use | 39 | |
| 256892240 | Jesus | -Jew, reform Jewish beliefs and practices -Executed as a revolutionary by Romans -hailed as Messiah and son of God by followers -central figure in Christianity-- developed after death | 40 | |
| 256892241 | Constantine | -Roman emperor -reunite Roman Empire, move capital to Constantinople and Christianity favored religion | 41 | |
| 256892242 | Shi Huangdi | -founder of Qin dynasty and Chinese Empire -ruthless conquests -standardization of practices -forcible organization of labor for military and engineering tasks -terracotta warriors | 42 | |
| 256892243 | gentry | -Chinese class of prosperous families -next in wealth below rural aristocrats -admin personnel -privileged group and made gov more efficient and responsive | 43 | |
| 256900111 | atman | -breath -immortal essence separated from body at death -reborn in another body -Vedic belief | 44 | |
| 256900112 | karma | -residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a spirit and determines form it will assume in next life cycle -India elite use to encourage acceptance of social position and duty | 45 | |
| 256900113 | Vedas | -early Indian sacred knowledge -religious texts passed down orally for a long time -main source of info of Vedic period | 46 | |
| 256900114 | jati | -smaller social classes within the larger varna castes | 47 | |
| 256900115 | Brahmins | -Indian priest class (highest ranking) | 48 | |
| 256900116 | moksha | -Hindu concept of spirit's liberation from endless cycle of rebirths -achieved through discipline, meditation, and acts of devotion to gods -spirit merge with divine force and animates of universe | 49 | |
| 256900117 | Buddha | -Siddhartha Gautama -Indian prince renounce wealth and social position -become enlightened and spread beliefs through India and Asia | 50 | |
| 256900118 | boddhisattva | -person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so out of compassion in order to save suffering beings | 51 | |
| 256900119 | Ashoka | -Third ruler of Mauryan Empire in India -convert to Buddhism and broadcast beliefs on stones and pillars -- earliest surviving Indian writing | 52 | |
| 256900120 | theater-state | -state that acquires prestiege and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies -attract and bind subjects to the center -eg. Gupta in India | 53 | |
| 257136094 | Silk Road | -caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asian and Iran | 54 | |
| 257136095 | stirrup | -device for securing a horseman's feet -enable to wield weapons better -1st in N Afghanistan | 55 | |
| 257136096 | savanna | -tropical or subtropical grassland -treeless or clumps of trees -extensive in sub-Saharan Africa, | 56 | |
| 257136097 | Sahel | -belt south of Sahara -"coastland" in arabic | 57 | |
| 257136098 | Bantu | -name for group of sub-Saharan African languages and people who speak them | 58 | |
| 257136099 | Shi'ites | -Muslims who believe God vests leadership of Islam community in Ali -religion of Iran | 59 | |
| 257136100 | Sunni | -Muslims who believe Islam community should select own leadership -most common Islamic belief | 60 | |
| 257136101 | Mecca | -city in W Arabia -birthplace of Muhammad -ritual center of Islamic religion | 61 | |
| 257136102 | Muhammad | -Arab prophet -founder of Islam | 62 | |
| 257136103 | umma | -community of all Muslims -against traditional Arabia -- usually held together by kinship | 63 | |
| 257136104 | caliph | -chief Muslim leader of Islamic empire -successor of Muhammad | 64 | |
| 257136105 | Islam | -religion by prophet Muhammad -based on his works compiled in Quran -recognize one god, Allah | 65 | |
| 257136106 | Muslim | -someone who follows Islam religion -submits to will of God | 66 | |
| 257136107 | Mamluks | -Turkic military slaves important to Islamic military system -Abbasid Caliphate -eventually found own state (Egypt and Syria) | 67 | |
| 257136108 | ulama | -Muslim religious scholars -work with Islamic law | 68 | |
| 257136109 | Charlemagne | -emperor of Carolingian Empire -encompasses all of Gaul, and parts of Germany and Italy -illiterate but sponsor intellectual revival | 69 | |
| 257136110 | medieval | -'middle age' -Europe between 500-1500 -between Greco-Roman and Renaissance | 70 | |
| 257136111 | schism | -formal split within religious community -Christianity | 71 | |
| 257136112 | manor | -medieval Europe -large self-sufficient landholding -consisting of lord's residence, outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land | 72 | |
| 257136113 | serf | -medieval Europe -agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property -obligated to perform set services for lord | 73 | |
| 257136114 | fief | -medieval Europe -land granted in return for sworn oath to provide specific military service | 74 | |
| 257136115 | vassal | -medieval Europe -sworn supporter of king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord | 75 | |
| 257136116 | papacy | -central admin of Roman Catholic Church -Pope is head of this | 76 | |
| 257136117 | monasticism | -living in religious community away from secular society -adhere to rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty -prominent in medieval Christianity and Buddhism -primary literary centers | 77 | |
| 257136118 | Crusades | -armed pilgrimages to Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule -end to western Europe's isolation from intellect and culture | 78 | |
| 257136119 | pilgrimage | -journey to sacred shrine by Christians -seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins -other religions too (Muslims to Mecca) | 79 | |
| 257136120 | Li Shimin | -one of Tang founders, second emperor -expanded empire into Central Asia | 80 | |
| 257136121 | Grand Canal | -1100 mile waterway linking Yellow and Yangzi rivers -begun during Han period and completed during Sui | 81 | |
| 257136122 | tributary system | -in Han Empire -countries in E and SE Asia not under direct control acknowledge superiority of Chinese emperors -in exchange trading rights or strategic alliances | 82 | |
| 257136123 | Uighurs | -Turkic-speakers who control own centralized empire in Mongolia and C Asia | 83 | |
| 257136124 | junk | -large flatbottom sailing ship from Tang, Ming, and Song Empires -designed for long-distance commercial travel | 84 | |
| 257136125 | movable type | -type where each individual character is cast on separate piece of metal -replaces woodblock printing | 85 | |
| 257136126 | Fujiwara | -aristocratic family that dominated Japanese imperial court between 800-1100 | 86 | |
| 257136127 | Champa rice | -quick maturing rice can allow two harvests in one growing season -from Champa to India and then China as tribute | 87 | |
| 257136128 | chinampas | -raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields | 88 | |
| 257136129 | khipu | -system of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information | 89 | |
| 257136130 | ayllu | -Andean lineage group or kin-based community | 90 | |
| 257136131 | mit'a | -Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations | 91 | |
| 257136132 | Teotihuacan | -powerful city-state in central Mexico | 92 | |
| 257136133 | Tenochtitlan | -capital of Aztec Empire -Mexico City constructed on ruins | 93 | |
| 257136134 | tribute system | -system where defeated peoples forced to pay a tax in form of goods and labor -subsidized development of large cities -Inca and Aztec important | 94 | |
| 257136135 | Genghis Khan | -Temujin's title meaning oceanic or universal leader -founder of Mongol Empire | 95 | |
| 257136136 | Yuan Empire | -Chinese Mongol Empire by Khubilai Khan | 96 | |
| 257136137 | Timur | -member of prominent Jagadai Khanate Mongol family -control much of C Asia and Iran -Mughal Empire in India | 97 | |
| 257136138 | Golden Horde | -Mongol khanate founded by Batu -S Russia and adopt Turkic language and Islam | 98 | |
| 257136139 | Il-Khan | -khan based in Persiam founded by Hulegu -control much of Iran and Iraq | 99 | |
| 257136140 | tsar | -Russian title for monarch -first used by Ivan III | 100 | |
| 257136141 | lama | -Tibetan Buddhism teacher | 101 | |
| 257136142 | Zheng He | -imperial eununch and Muslim -Ming emperor Yongle send on voyages through Indian ocean to gain tributary states | 102 | |
| 257136143 | Yongle | -Zhu Di, 3rd Ming emperor -building of Forbidden City -sponsor Zheng He voyages -reopen China borders to travel and trade | 103 | |
| 257136144 | bubonic plague | -bacterial disease of fleas transmitted to rodents and humans -spread through Mongols | 104 | |
| 257136145 | kamikaze | -'divine wind' -Japanese credit with blowing Mongol invaders away form their shores | 105 | |
| 257136146 | monsoon | -seasonal winds of Indian Ocean -caused by changes in temperature between rapidly heating and cooling landmasses and slow changing ocean waters -sailors use winds to ride for trade | 106 | |
| 257136147 | Ibn Battuta | -Moroccan Muslim scholar -most widely traveled individual of his time -wrote of visits to Islamic lands | 107 | |
| 257136148 | Delhi Sultanate | -centralized Indian empire of varying extent -created by Muslim invaders | 108 | |
| 257136149 | Mali | -empire created by indigenous Muslims in W Sudan of W Africa -trans-Saharan gold trade | 109 | |
| 257136150 | Mansa Musa | -ruler of Mali -pilgrimage from Egypt to Mecca establish empire's reputation for wealth | 110 | |
| 257136151 | dhow | -ship of small to moderate size -used in W Indian Ocean -triangular sail and sewn timber hull | 111 | |
| 257136152 | Swahili Coast | -E African shores of the Indian Ocean | 112 | |
| 257136153 | Timbuktu | -city of Niger River -founded as seasonal camp by Tuareg -part of Mali empire -center for trans-Saharan trade & Islamic learning | 113 | |
| 257136154 | Malacca | -port city in SE Asia -trading center on Strait of Malacca | 114 |
