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| 7189874193 | overfarming | When soil loses its nutrients because not enough time is left between harvest and replant for it to replenish. Can be avoided through fertilization or the field being left fallow for a season. | 0 | |
| 7189874580 | overgrazing | Continual eating of a pasture's grasses or roots without giving it the proper time to regrow. Eventually leads to the erosion of the pasture. | 1 | |
| 7189874833 | paleolithic period | Early years of human history, began 2.5 million years ago and ended 10,000 years ago. Often referred to as the stone age for the use of stone tools, the first recorded use of tools. | 2 | |
| 7189874834 | neolithic revolution | A set of drastic changes in how people lived their lives based on the development of agriculture. | 3 | |
| 7189875138 | monotheism | A religion containing only one deity or god. | 4 | |
| 7189875513 | bronze age | Period characterized by the use of bronze and other early features of modern civilization. Began between 3300 and 2300 B.C.E. | 5 | |
| 7189875514 | civilization | A large society with cities and powerful states. | 6 | |
| 7189875904 | Catal Huyuk | Ancient city founded in 7500 B.C.E., existed for around 2,000 years. Its ruins are in modern day Turkey. | 7 | |
| 7189876337 | textiles | Items made from cloth. | 8 | |
| 7189877422 | hunter forager | early nomadic humans Homo Sapiens first appearing in East Africa 10,000-20,000 years ago. Survived by hunting animals and gathering roots and plants. | 9 | |
| 7189877423 | agriculture | The process of raising crops or animals on a consistent and controlled basis. | 10 | |
| 7189877854 | domestication | Process of taming animals so they could be brought up with humans. | 11 | |
| 7189877855 | nomadic pastoralism | Mobile groups of people that lead herds of domesticated animals from pasture to pasture. First emerged in grassland regions of Africa and Eurasia. | 12 | |
| 7189878581 | tribe | A large unit of people in the paleolithic period consisting of multiple clans. Typically lead by a chief or priest. | 13 | |
| 7189878582 | patriarchal | Society where men hold most, if not all, the power. | 14 | |
| 7189878585 | artisans | People who made objects people needed, such as woven clothe or pottery. | 15 | |
| 7189879393 | merchants | People who buy and sell goods for a living. | 16 | |
| 7189879605 | social stratification | A system by which society ranks categories of people typically based on wealth. | 17 | |
| 7189940307 | Mesopotamia | Area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Term is Greek for "between rivers" | 18 | |
| 7189940308 | Fertile Crescent | Area including Mesopotamia but also extending to cover the Mediterranean coast to the West. Contains incredibly fertile soil compared to the surrounding areas of desert and grassland. | 19 | |
| 7189940731 | Carthage | Trading Colony in Northern Africa of the Phoenicians. | 20 | |
| 7189940732 | desertification | Creation of desert like conditions. | 21 | |
| 7189941296 | Indus River Valley | River Valley in West India where multiple civilizations developed. | 22 | |
| 7189941831 | environmental degradation | deterioration of the ecosystem through depletion of resources. | 23 | |
| 7189941832 | deforestation | clearance of trees so the land can be used for other purposes. | 24 | |
| 7189942240 | Huang He | River that connects Northern China to the Yellow Sea. Regularly floods and enriches surrounding soil. | 25 | |
| 7189942241 | Chiang Jiang | River stretching 4000 miles across the central China | 26 | |
| 7189942669 | maize | commonly called corn, major crop of the Native American civilizations. | 27 | |
| 7189942670 | barter | A system of trading in which one thing is exchanged for the other. | 28 | |
| 7189943142 | division of labor | People are able to do other jobs other than farming due to the surplus of food. | 29 | |
| 7189943143 | polytheistic | Worship of many gods. | 30 | |
| 7189944185 | Ziggurats | Large stepped pyramids containing altars and temples found in Mesopotamia. | 31 | |
| 7189944186 | Aryans | Indo-European speaking peoples originally from central Asia, migrated to India and spread their culture and settlements into Northern and Central India | 32 | |
| 7189944629 | Vedas and Vedic Age | Time in which the Sacred texts of Hinduism were completed | 33 | |
| 7189944939 | ancestor veneration | Belief that your ancestors could speak to the gods for you. Held by the Chinese, they often made offerings to their ancestors. | 34 | |
| 7189944940 | scribes | Class of people skilled at writing. Tasked with record keeping and writing of history and myths. | 35 | |
| 7189945445 | cuneiform | First form of writing. Consists of marks carved into wet clay tablets. | 36 | |
| 7189945446 | hieroglyphics | A picture writing system used by the Egyptians | 37 | |
| 7189945793 | papyrus | Plant grown on the Nile that can be used to make a paper like writing material or basket making material. | 38 | |
| 7189945794 | Book of the Dead | A paper book placed in the coffins of dead pharaohs, each was unique because it told the story of the dead pharaoh. | 39 | |
| 7189946263 | Sanskrit | sacred language of the Aryans | 40 | |
| 7189946264 | Sumerians | Group of nomads that settled in a portion of Mesopotamia known as Sumer sometime before 5000 B.C.E.. In Sumer the worlds first complex government was created. | 41 | |
| 7189947080 | city states | Independent city that governs itself and a small amount of surrounding land. | 42 | |
| 7189947081 | Babylonians | Group of Persians that invaded and took over Mesopotamia with the use of composite bows around 1900 B.C.E. | 43 | |
| 7189947560 | Phoenicians | A trading empire occupying the Mediterranean coast in North Africa and the Middle East. Beginning in 300 B.C.E. and peaking in 1100 B.C.E.. credited with the invention of the alphabet, and was modified several times before becoming the alphabet we now use. | 44 | |
| 7189947561 | Hittites | Group of people first credited with creating iron tools. Ramses made peace when they attempted to invade Egypt. | 45 | |
| 7189949174 | Kush | Kingdom dependent on Egypt in East Africa. Formed in 2500 B.C.E after the fall of the Nubian kingdom. Important economical kingdom, trading with the Romans, Indians, and Arabs, exporting slaves ivory and gold. | 46 | |
| 7189949175 | Axum | Kingdom farmed in Ethiopia based on farming and trading. Largely Christian kingdom. conquered Kush | 47 | |
| 7189949176 | Dravidians | Indigenous people of the Indian subcontinent. | 48 | |
| 7189949874 | Harappa | Sophisticated urban center in the Indus River Valley created by the Dravidians. | 49 | |
| 7189949875 | Hammurabi | Most powerful king of Babylon. Reformed the Government and tax structure. Ruled all of Mesopotamia for around 40 years. Most famous for creating a brutal book of laws. | 50 | |
| 7189950437 | Code of Hammurabi | Code of laws based around the ideal that the punishment should fit the crime. Credited with being the first code of laws written down. | 51 | |
| 7189950438 | pharoah | term for the ruler of Egypt | 52 | |
| 7189950738 | Xia Dynasty | First Chinese dynasty, lasted 400 years. Little is known of its history. | 53 | |
| 7189950739 | Shang Dynasty | Dynasty begun by a man named Tang in 1750 B.C.E. and lasted about 600 years. During this time many surrounded areas were invaded and conquered. | 54 | |
| 7189952230 | Zhou Dynasty | Dynasty began in 1045 B.C.E. and lasted 900 years. The first golden age of china occurred during this dynasty. Expanded China even more than the Shangs. | 55 | |
| 7189953538 | Mandate of Heaven | Idea introduced by the Zhou Dynasty that the rulers were made rulers by the gods. | 56 |
