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| 6177095209 | Muhammad Ali | Emerged as leader of Egypt after failed invasion by Napoleon in 1812 Modernized Egypt by focusing on the military and economy (encouraged farmers to grow cash crops like cotton) Successors would build Suez Canal | 0 | |
| 6224360553 | King Louis XIV | The humanoid species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period | 1 | |
| 6224364641 | Neolithic Age | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished | 2 | |
| 6224369106 | Neolithic Revolution | The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 B.C.E. | 3 | |
| 6224372680 | hunting and gathering | The original human economy, ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts and berries | 4 | |
| 6224379507 | Bronze Age | From about 4000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E., when iron began to replace it | 5 | |
| 6224386367 | The Neolithic Revolution centered on... | the development of agriculture | 6 | |
| 6224388932 | The emergence of civilization occurred in... | most thought not all agricultural societies | 7 | |
| 6224389516 | Early civilizations formed in... | Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Basin, and China | 8 | |
| 6224394220 | slash and burn agriculture | A system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted | 9 | |
| 6224395672 | band | A social level of organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on gender basis | 10 | |
| 6224399846 | Catal Huyuk | Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification | 11 | |
| 6224405681 | civilization | Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups | 12 | |
| 6256683431 | cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 13 | |
| 6256691883 | Nomads | Cattle and sheep herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies | 14 | |
| 6256705376 | Mesopotamia | Literally, "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys | 15 | |
| 6256713045 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states | 16 | |
| 6256729454 | ziggurats | Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes | 17 | |
| 6256737730 | city-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamia civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands rules by an urban-based king | 18 | |
| 6256752317 | Babylonian Empire | Unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion 1600 B.C.E | 19 | |
| 6256761935 | Hammurabi | (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E) The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law | 20 | |
| 6256779050 | pharaoh | Title of kings of ancient Egypt | 21 | |
| 6256783109 | pyramids | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs. | 22 | |
| 6256791424 | Kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries | 23 | |
| 6256810009 | Indus River Valley | River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harrapan civilization | 24 | |
| 6256817271 | Harrapa and Mohenjo Daro | Major urban complexes of the Harrapan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern | 25 | |
| 6256832740 | Yellow River | AKA the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China | 26 | |
| 6256853037 | Shang | First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E. | 27 | |
| 6256868107 | oracles | Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animals bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing | 28 | |
| 6256883994 | ideographs | Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing | 29 | |
| 6256894456 | Most river valley civilizations declined after... | about 1200 B.C.E | 30 | |
| 6256904560 | A number of small centers emerged in the Middle East that... | Introduced further innovations, including the religion of Judaism | 31 | |
| 6256918079 | Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the area | 32 | |
| 6256929474 | monotheism | The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization | 33 | |
| 6256948429 | A period of political disorganization in China led to... | concerted efforts to promote political order, with cultural emphases to match | 34 | |
| 6256955605 | Shi Huangdi | Founder of the brief Qin dynasty in 221 B.C.E.; promised to end centuries of strife; was a tyrant, whose death in 210 B.C.E. signaled resistance to more of his rule from his son and advisors; worked to undo the regional power of the aristocrats; The First Emperor | 35 | |
| 6256959990 | Qin dynasty | Established in 221 B.C.E. at the end of the Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; fell in 207 B.C.E.; organized China into provinces with officials owing their power to the dynasty; began on the Great Wall; started national census and finished the single basic language | 36 | |
| 6256970070 | Han dynasty | Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 B.C.E.; ruled for the next 400 years; saw consolidation of Chinese civilization, est. unity and extended political control; founded most effective bureaucracy in preindustrial world | 37 | |
| 6256982199 | The Zhou dynasty featured ______, while later dynasties emphasized______. | decentralized politics, but important cultural innovations; order and centralization | 38 | |
| 6256992781 | Zhou | Originally a vassal family of Shang China; possibly Turkic in origin; overthrew the Shang and established second historical Chinese dynasty that flourished 1122 to 256 B.C.E. | 39 | |
| 6257017444 | Confucius | AKA Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher born in 6th century B.C.E.; author of "Analects"; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi. | 40 | |
| 6257034681 | Great Wall | Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shi Huangdi | 41 | |
| 6257054046 | _____, _____, and _____ became the hallmarks of classial Chinese politics | The power of the emperor, the development of a bureaucracy, and the expansion of state functions | 42 | |
| 6267657475 | Chinese culture featured.... | the development of the Confucian system | 43 | |
| 6267663889 | _____ and _____ complemented Confucianism | Daoism and distinctive scientific and artistic traditions | 44 | |
| 6267680746 | Classical China's economy featured... | extensive external trade and important technological innovations | 45 | |
| 6267689186 | Classical China's family system... | stressed a rigid patriarchy | 46 | |
| 6267699460 | Classical Chinese civilization coordinated many aspects of... | politics, culture, and even family life, a key reason the emperors ultimately encouraged Confuciansim | 47 | |
| 6267715656 | Buddha | Creator of major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century B.C.E. as son of local ruler of Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under botree; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earhtly things | 48 | |
| 6267737031 | Indian civilization was deeply influence by... | geography and climate | 49 | |
| 6267741973 | Centuries of _______ laid the foundation of classical Indian civilization. | Aryan invasion and consolidation | 50 | |
| 6267762746 | Alexander the Great | Successor of Philip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures | 51 | |
| 6267771872 | Himalayas | Mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent; site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics | 52 | |
| 6267784234 | Monsoons | Seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer brings rain | 53 | |
| 6267791759 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harrapan civilization; militarized society | 54 | |
| 6267798651 | Sanskrit | The sacred and classical Indian language | 55 | |
| 6267801788 | Vedas | Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E. | 56 | |
| 6267823800 | Mahabharata | Indian epic of war, princely honor, love and social duty; written down in the last centuries B.C.E.; previously handed down in oral form | 57 | |
| 6267836780 | Ramayana | One of the great epic tales from classical India; traces adventures of King Rama and his wife, Sita; written 4th to 2nd centuries B.C.E. | 58 | |
| 6267850981 | Upanishads | Later books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority | 59 | |
| 6267866958 | varnas | Clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes - Brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas | 60 | |
| 6267883903 | untouchables | Low social caste in Hindu culture; performed tasks that were considered polluting - street sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning | 61 | |
| 6267895625 | Indra | Chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior | 62 | |
| 6267911687 | Chandragupta Maurya | (r. 322-298 B.C.E) Founder of the Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first, centralized government since Harrapan civilization | 63 | |
| 6267922780 | Maurayan | Dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following invasion by Alexander the Great | 64 | |
| 6267935910 | Ashoka | (r. 273-232 B.C.E.) Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire | 65 | |
| 6267950053 | dharma | The caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life | 66 | |
| 6267972560 | _______ dominated in India, which _____ on politics than other early civilizations. | Local ad regional governments; placed less empahasis | 67 | |
| 6267977997 | Guptas | Dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E.; built empire that extended to all but the southern region of Indian subcontinent; less centralized than Mauryan empire | 68 | |
| 6268758757 | Kautilya | (350-275 B.C.E) Political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; one of the authors of Arthashastra; believed in scientific application of wafare | 69 | |
| 6268780012 | _______ were the religions of classical India, helping also to _______ | Hinduism and Buddhism; shape distinctively Indian arts and sciences | 70 | |
| 6268809976 | gurus | Originally referred to as Brahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas | 71 | |
| 6268822559 | Vishnu | The Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshiped. | 72 | |
| 6268828927 | Shiva | Hindu god of destruction and reproduction; worshiped as personification of cosmic forces of change | 73 | |
| 6268859548 | Reincarnation | The successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives | 74 | |
| 6268875707 | nirvana | The Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility | 75 | |
| 6286440783 | Kamasutra | Written by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males, including grooming hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives and lovemaking | 76 | |
| 6286448083 | stupas | Stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms | 77 | |
| 6286455736 | The _____ structured India's social framework, but a strong emphasis on ______ was also important | caste system; trade | 78 | |
| 6286463414 | Family life in India combined _____ with an emphasis on _____. | patriarchy; affection | 79 | |
| 6286468403 | Because of its _____, India's _________ reached many parts of the ancient world. | extensive trade; artistic and cultural influence | 80 | |
| 6286474011 | scholar-gentry | Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China | 81 | |
| 6286483234 | Cyrus the Great | Established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires | 82 | |
| 6286488281 | The Persians worked quickly to ______. Persia established _____. | unify their vast empire; durable political and cultural traditions | 83 | |
| 6286495511 | Zoroastrianism | Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire | 84 | |
| 6286506249 | Greek culture reached its height during the ____; it's influence spread the empire of ____. | 5th century B.C.E.; Alexander the Great | 85 | |
| 6286510949 | Rome was deeply influenced by _____ as it developed its Republic and its Empire. | Greek tradition | 86 | |
| 6286512253 | Olympic Games | One of the pan-Hellenistic rituals observed by all city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations | 87 | |
| 6286517761 | Pericles | Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War | 88 | |
| 6286521252 | Peloponnesian Wars | Wars from 431 to 404 B.C.E between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece | 89 | |
| 6286525793 | Philip II | Ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms | 90 | |
| 6286531981 | Alexandria, Egypt | One of the cities founded by and named for Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies | 91 | |
| 6286539653 | Roman republic | The balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies | 92 | |
| 6286546315 | Punic Wars | Fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three seperate conflicts | 93 | |
| 6286548762 | Carthage | Originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean | 94 | |
| 6286554789 | Hannibal | Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; successfully inavded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama | 95 | |
| 6286561196 | Julius Caesar | Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 B.C.E. by conservative senators | 96 | |
| 6286565664 | Augustus Caesar | (63 B.C.E. - 14 C.E.) Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome | 97 | |
| 6286569990 | Diocletian | Roman emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection | 98 | |
| 6286572965 | Constantine | Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually | 99 | |
| 6286545720 | Punic Wars | Fought between Rome and | 100 |
