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| 9481835561 | The Green Revolution | Green Revolution Intensive plan of the 1960s to increase crop yields in developing countries by introducing higher-yielding strains of plant and new fertilizers. The scheme began in Mexico in the 1940s, and was successfully introduced in parts of India, se Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. | 0 | |
| 9481842049 | chemically enhanced agriculture | chemical agents such as fungicides and insecticides that are used to control crop-harming organisms (e.g., fungi, nematodes, mites, insects, and rodents) or viruses (hereinafter collectively referred to as "diseases and pests") | 1 | |
| 9481846821 | Genetically enhanced agriculture | Crops offer improved yields, enhanced nutritional value, longer shelf life, and resistance to drought, frost | 2 | |
| 9481853645 | Nuclear power | Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. | 3 | |
| 9481856665 | Deforestation | Deforestation is clearing Earth's forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land. | 4 | |
| 9481862012 | Desertification | the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture. | 5 | |
| 9481869614 | Greenhouse Gases | a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation, e.g., carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons. | 6 | |
| 9481875133 | Pollutants | a substance that pollutes something, especially water or the atmosphere. | 7 | |
| 9481887981 | Birth control | the practice of preventing unwanted pregnancies, typically by use of contraception. | 8 | |
| 9481880446 | Climate change | a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century on wards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. | 9 | |
| 9481903216 | Secessionist movements | the withdrawal in 1860--61 of 11 Southern states from the Union to form the Confederacy, precipitating the American Civil War | 10 | |
| 9481908947 | Ethnic conflicts | Ethnic conflict is defined as any episode of sustained violent conflict in which national, ethnic, and religious or other communal minorities challenge governments to seek major changes in status | 11 | |
| 9481912546 | Territorial partitions | to divide or separate by interior walls, barriers, or the like | 12 | |
| 9481915352 | Economic dependency | an unending situation in which countries, economies and economic agents depend on each other and a variety of different economic and non-economic factors for economic and non-economic reasons | 13 | |
| 9481924450 | Legacies of colonialism | a process in which a strong country takes over the control (legal, social and political) of a weaker country at their will | 14 | |
| 9481928975 | Population displacement | is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another, often a form of forced migration imposed by state policy or international authority and most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion but also due to economic development. | 15 | |
| 9481932584 | Imperial metropolis | he homeland or central territory of a colonial empire. The term was mainly used in the scope of the British, French and Portuguese empires to designate their European territories, as opposed to their colonial or overseas territories. | 16 | |
| 9481944436 | Colonial subjects | focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands | 17 | |
| 9481946906 | Holocaust | destruction or slaughter on a mass scale, especially caused by fire or nuclear war. | 18 | |
| 9481950056 | World War I | A war fought from 1914 to 1918 between the Allies, notably Britain, France, Russia, and Italy (which entered in 1915), and the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. | 19 | |
| 9481953096 | World War II | A war fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Axis powers — Germany, Italy, and Japan — and the Allies, including France and Britain, and later the Soviet Union and the United States. | 20 | |
| 9481958448 | Genocide | the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. | 21 | |
| 9481960797 | Ethnic violence | to violence expressly motivated by ethnic hatred and ethnic conflict. It is commonly related to political violence, and often the terms are interchangeable, or one is used as a pretext for the other when politically expedient | 22 | |
| 9481966864 | "total wars" | The modern concept of total war can be traced to the writings of the 19th-century Prussian military strategist Carl von Clausewitz, who denied that wars could be fought by laws. | 23 | |
| 9481971362 | Fascism | a form of radical authoritarian nationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. | 24 | |
| 9481971527 | Nationalism | an extreme form of this, especially marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries. | 25 | |
| 9481974071 | Mobilization | the action of a country or its government preparing and organizing troops for active service. | 26 | |
| 9482025874 | The Great Depression | The Great Depression lasted from 1929 to 1939, and was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world. It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. | 27 | |
| 9482028950 | Communist Soviet Union | In the final years of the CPSU's existence, the Communist Parties of the federal subjects of Russia were united into the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. After the CPSU's demise, the Communist Parties of the Union Republics became independent and underwent various paths of reform. | 28 | |
| 9482033960 | The Cold War | The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc | 29 | |
| 9482034056 | NATO | The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between several North American and European countries based on the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. | 30 | |
| 9482040878 | The Warsaw Pact | The Warsaw Pact, formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. | 31 | |
| 9482044642 | proxy wars | a war instigated by a major power that does not itself become involved. | 32 | |
| 9482050400 | Superpowers | Nations with enough military, political, and economic strength to influence events in many areas around the globe | 33 | |
| 9482053015 | Nonviolence | the use of peaceful means, not force, to bring about political or social change. | 34 | |
| 9482057334 | The Non-Aligned Movement | The Non-Aligned Movement is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc | 35 | |
| 9482060413 | Militarized states | which is associated with the glorification of the military, armed forces and weapons and of military power. | 36 | |
| 9482063471 | Communist China | The Communist Party of China, often referred to as the Chinese Communist Party, is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China | 37 | |
| 9482076678 | Free-market economic policies | a free market is an idealized system in which the prices for goods and services are determined by the open market and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority. | 38 | |
| 9482081096 | Economic liberalization | Economic liberalization is the lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities; the doctrine is associated with classical liberalism. | 39 | |
| 9482088966 | Institutions of global governance | Indeed, many of the central institutions of global governance, such as the UN, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), remain substantially unchanged since the days of Roosevelt, Truman, Churchill, and Stalin. | 40 | |
| 9482094483 | Regional trade agreements | regional trade agreements (RTAs) are defined as reciprocal trade agreements between two or more partners. They include free trade agreements and customs unions. Detailed information on RTAs is available here. Information on RTAs notified to the WTO is available in the RTA Database. | 41 | |
| 9482100690 | Rights-based discourses | Human rights into development discourse. ... The evolution of human rights organizations and development organizations and the western idea that rights are asserted through responsibilities, duties, transparency, trust, and accountability have led to the development of the rights-based approach. | 42 |
