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| 3825198611 | Niccolo Machiavelli | author of The Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of Italian Renaissance | 0 | |
| 3825226319 | Humanism | focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages | 1 | |
| 3825235857 | Northern Renaissance | cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance circa 1450 [Italian Renaissance began circa 1400]; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance | 2 | |
| 3825239878 | Scientific Revolution | culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advance associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages | 3 | |
| 3825242841 | René Descartes | established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature | 4 | |
| 3825244377 | icons | Holy images usually of saints, Jesus, or other figured form the bible | 5 | |
| 3825249076 | iconoclasm | A belief that the practice of worshiping and honoring objects such as icons was sinful. | 6 | |
| 3825448850 | byzantine empire (330-1453) | The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. | 7 | |
| 3825451851 | orthodox christian church | Eastern church which was created in 1053 after the schism from the western Roman church; its head is the patriarch of Constantinople. (also called the Byzantine Church) | 8 | |
| 3825456068 | Hadith | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad | 9 | |
| 3825460591 | Dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus. | 10 | |
| 3825467639 | Umayyad | Clan of bedouins who controlled Mecca in 7th century C.E. that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam | 11 | |
| 3826993684 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam. | 12 | |
| 3826997737 | Abbasids | a member of a dynasty of caliphs ruling at Baghdad, a.d. 750-1258, governing most of the Islamic world and claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of Muhammad. | 13 | |
| 3827004648 | Agricultural Revolution | A term that refers to the changeover from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. (Neolithic Revolution) | 14 | |
| 3827009012 | Neolithic Revolution | A term that refers to the changeover from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. (Agricultural Revolution) | 15 | |
| 3827010340 | Aristocracy | The highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices | 16 | |
| 3830107068 | Barbarian | A member of a community or tribe not belonging to one of the great civilizations (Greek, Roman, Christian) in ancient times | 17 | |
| 3830141111 | Bureaucracy | A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives | 18 | |
| 3830145486 | Deity | A god or goddess in a polytheistic religion, usually of divine status, quality, or nature. Sometimes regarded as the creator and supreme being in monotheistic religions, such as Christianity | 19 | |
| 3832529753 | Democracy | A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives | 20 | |
| 3832529754 | Cultural Diffusion | Cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. | 21 | |
| 3832529755 | Egalitarian | The principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities | 22 | |
| 3832529756 | Hunters and Gatherers | A hunter-gatherer or forager society is one in which most or all food is obtained from wild plants and animals, in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely mainly on domesticated species. Hunter-gatherers are a type of nomad | 23 | |
| 3832529757 | Mandate of Heaven | The idea that heaven granted Chinese emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern | 24 | |
| 3832529758 | Secular | Activities, places, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis | 25 | |
| 3832529759 | Theocracy | A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god | 26 | |
| 3832529760 | Caste System | The caste system in India is a system of social stratification. Historically, it separated communities into thousands of endogamous hereditary groups called Jātis, | 27 | |
| 3832529761 | City-State | A city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state | 28 | |
| 3833083747 | Classical | Anything of or relating to ancient Greek, Hellenistic, or Latin literature, art, or culture. | 29 | |
| 3833083748 | Missionaries | A person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country | 30 | |
| 3833083749 | Reincarnation | The rebirth of a soul in a new body | 31 | |
| 3833083750 | Black Death | The Black Death (Bubonic Plague) was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people and peaking in Europe in 1348 | 32 | |
| 3833083751 | Caliphate | A caliphate is an Islamic state led by a supreme religious and political leader known as a caliph | 33 | |
| 3833083752 | Crusades | The Crusades were religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Roman Catholic Church during the High Middle Ages through to the end of the Late Middle Ages | 34 | |
| 3833083753 | Sugar | Main cash crop grown in the colonies of premodern european core nations | 35 | |
| 3833083754 | Feudalism | The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the king in exchange for military service, while the peasants (serfs) were tied to their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce. | 36 | |
| 3833083755 | Khan | A title given to any of the successors of Genghis Khan, supreme rulers of the Mongol peoples | 37 | |
| 3833083756 | Khanate | Khanate is a word used to describe an empire ruled by a Khan | 38 | |
| 3833083757 | Mit'a | Mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire, both militarily and in public projects | 39 | |
| 3833083758 | Nobility | The group of people belonging to the noble class in a country, especially those with a hereditary or honorary title | 40 | |
| 3834022378 | Serfs | An agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate | 41 | |
| 3834022379 | Civilization | used by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits: sedentary agriculture, stratified societies, food surplus, and permanent settlements | 42 | |
| 3834022380 | Iron Age | Historians' term for the period during which iron was the primary metal for tools and weapons. | 43 | |
| 3834022381 | Monotheism | Belief in the existence of a single divine entity. | 44 | |
| 3834022382 | Pax Romana | Literally "Roman peace," it connoted the stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. | 45 | |
| 3834022383 | Buddha | An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming "enlightened" (the meaning of Buddha), he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. This doctrine evolved and spread throughout India and to Southeast, East, and Central Asia. | 46 | |
| 3834022384 | Silk Road | Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran to Europe | 47 | |
| 3834022385 | Quran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. | 48 | |
| 3834022386 | Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. | 49 | |
| 3834022387 | Reconquest of Iberia (Reconquista) | Beginnings in the eleventh century, military campaigns by Iberian Christian kingdoms to recapture territory taken by Muslims. | 50 |
