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| 13891445845 | Paleolithic Era | called the old stone age (from 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago); they were concerned with food supply; they used stone as well as bone tools; they were nomadic hunters and gatherers. | 0 | |
| 13891445846 | Kinship bands | hunter gather bands made of kin (family) | 1 | |
| 13891445847 | stone tools | Simple & crude; first developed by homo habilis | 2 | |
| 13891445848 | Pastoral Nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. | 3 | |
| 13891445849 | Neolithic Revolution | The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle is this revolution. | 4 | |
| 13891445850 | Sumerians | The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions. | 5 | |
| 13891445851 | Dynastic Cycle | the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties | 6 | |
| 13891445852 | Iron metallurgy | Extraction of iron from its ores. allowed for cheaper stronger production of weapons and tools. More abundant than tin and copper | 7 | |
| 13891445853 | Ziggurats | temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped | 8 | |
| 13891445854 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 9 | |
| 13891445855 | Hieroglyphics | An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds | 10 | |
| 13891445856 | Quipu | An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information. | 11 | |
| 13891445857 | Hammurabi's Code | a set of laws that governed life in the Babylonian empire | 12 | |
| 13891445858 | Hebrew Monotheism | The Hebrew religion gave us monotheism; it gave us the concept of rule by law; it gave us the concept that the divine works its purpose on human history through human events; it gave us the concept of the covenant, that the one god has a special relationship to a community of humans above all others. | 13 | |
| 13891445859 | Vedic Religion | Religious belief system of Indo-European migrants to north India; involved animal sacrifice and elaborate ceremonies to ensure that all transitions in the natural world-day to night, or one season to the next proceeded smoothly. | 14 | |
| 13891445860 | Zoroastrianism | system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster noun | 15 | |
| 13891445861 | Patriarchy | A form of social organization in which males dominate females | 16 | |
| 13891445862 | Mandate of Heaven | a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | 17 | |
| 13891445863 | Aryan Migration | The coming of Aryans marks the beginning of a historic period in India. Between the decline of Harappan civilization | 18 | |
| 13891445864 | Bantu Migration | The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000 | 19 | |
| 13891445865 | Oracle Bones | The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period. | 20 | |
| 13891445866 | Ancestor Veneration | The practice of praying to your ancestors. Found especially in China. | 21 | |
| 13891445867 | Babylonians | extended their empire and helped bring civilization to other parts of the Middle East; famous for Hammurabi's Law Code | 22 | |
| 13891445868 | Jewish diasporic communities | Communities of Jews caused by the Jewish diaspora. | 23 | |
| 13891445869 | Assyrians | Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire | 24 | |
| 13891445870 | Hinduism | A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms | 25 | |
| 13891445871 | Sanskrit Scriptures | an ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived. | 26 | |
| 13891445872 | Caste System | A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life | 27 | |
| 13891445873 | Reincarnation | In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding | 28 | |
| 13891445874 | Dharma | In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties | 29 | |
| 13891445875 | Mauryan Empire | (321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya. | 30 | |
| 13891445876 | Buddhism | A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha. | 31 | |
| 13891445877 | Ashoka | Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism. | 32 | |
| 13891445878 | Missionaries | people who work to spread their religious beliefs | 33 | |
| 13891445879 | Christianity | A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior. | 34 | |
| 13891445880 | Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) | 35 | |
| 13891445881 | Hellenism | Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam. | 36 | |
| 13891445882 | Merchants | people who buy and sell goods | 37 | |
| 13891445883 | Han Dynasty | imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy | 38 | |
| 13891445884 | Confucianism | A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct. | 39 | |
| 13891445885 | Examination System | A system of selecting officials based on competitive written examinations. | 40 | |
| 13891445886 | Monasticism | The practice of living the life of a monk | 41 | |
| 13891445887 | Greco-Roman Philosophy | Ideas that emphasized logic, empirical observation, and nature of political power and hierarchy. | 42 | |
| 13891445888 | Partheon | chief temple of the Greek goddess Athena on the hill of the Acropolis in Athen Greece | 43 | |
| 13891445889 | Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. | 44 | |
| 13891445890 | Great Wall of China | world's longest man made structure built to keep invaders from the north out of China, started by the Qin Dynasty, expanded by the Han Dynasty, | 45 | |
| 13891445891 | Persian Empire | Mesopotamian empire that conquered the existing Median, Lydian, and Babylonian empires, as well as Egypt and many others. Also known as the Achaemenid Empire. | 46 | |
| 13891445892 | Qanat System | a traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields | 47 | |
| 13891445893 | Roman Slavery | 35% of the population in Rome was slaves making it a true slave society - The prices of slaves varied depending on a number of factors such as abilities, looks - They were exploited physically, economically, socially, and sexually | 48 | |
| 13891445894 | Xiongnu | A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168) | 49 | |
| 13891445895 | Germanic Huns | Germanic Huns invaded Rome which led to its downfall | 50 | |
| 13891445896 | Twelve Tables | Rome's first code of laws; adopted in 450 B.C. | 51 | |
| 13891445897 | Silk roads | A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods. | 52 | |
| 13891445898 | Caravans | Groups of people traveling together for safety over long distances | 53 | |
| 13891445899 | Caravansaries | inns with a central courtyard for travelers in the desert regions of Asia or North Africa | 54 | |
| 13891445900 | Lateen sails | a triangular sail on a long yard at an angle of 45° to the mast. | 55 | |
| 13891445901 | Dhow Ships | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 56 | |
| 13891445902 | Indian Ocean sea lanes | lanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China | 57 | |
| 13891445903 | monsoon winds | seasonal wind in India, the winter monsoon brings hot, dry weather and the summer monsoon brings rain | 58 | |
| 13891445904 | Mayan city-states | within each city-state, rulers supplied the leadership—and military force—for great building projects. Leadership passed from one king to the next. | 59 | |
| 13891445905 | Trans-Saharan Trade | route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading | 60 | |
| 13891445906 | Mansa Musa | Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. | 61 | |
| 13891445907 | Berbers | A member of a North African, primarily Muslim people living in settled or nomadic tribes from Morocco to Egypt | 62 | |
| 13891445908 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. | 63 | |
| 13891445909 | tribute system | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. | 64 | |
| 13891445910 | magnetic compass | Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north | 65 | |
| 13891445911 | Astrolabe | An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets | 66 | |
| 13891445912 | Incan road system | all roads lead to cuzco; allowed armies and news to spread quickly, ordinary people couldn't use this; runners stationed throughout empire to carry messages | 67 | |
| 13891445913 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. | 68 | |
| 13891445914 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. | 69 | |
| 13891445915 | Tang Dynasty | (618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system. | 70 | |
| 13891445916 | Song Dynasty | (960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military. | 71 | |
| 13891445917 | Neoconfucianism | term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism | 72 | |
| 13891445918 | Footbinding | Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household. | 73 | |
| 13891445919 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half. | 74 | |
| 13891445920 | Crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 75 | |
| 13891445921 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | 76 | |
| 13891445922 | Vikings | one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century. | 77 | |
| 13891445923 | Bubonic Plague | disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas. | 78 | |
| 13891445924 | Abbasid Dynasty | From 750-1258 this was the 3rd dyansty of the Islamic Caliphate. They built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate. | 79 | |
| 13891445925 | Caliphate | Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad. | 80 | |
| 13891445926 | Bedouin Arabs | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.. Muhammad's tribe. | 81 | |
| 13891445927 | Mongols | A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. | 82 | |
| 13891445928 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 83 | |
| 13891445929 | Islam | A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. | 84 | |
| 13891445930 | Sharia | Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life | 85 | |
| 13891445931 | Sufis | mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life | 86 | |
| 13891445932 | Champa Rice | Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.) | 87 | |
| 13891445933 | Aztecs | Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. | 88 | |
| 13891445934 | Chinampa Field System | a method of ancient Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangle-shaped areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico | 89 | |
| 13891445935 | Guild organization | Medieval guilds, which regulated craft production, clearly differed in function from trade unions. However, aspects of guild regulation—as in matters relating to apprenticeship—were incorporated into the objectives of early unionism. | 90 | |
| 13891445936 | Incas | Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru | 91 | |
| 13891445937 | Mita System | The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept. | 92 | |
| 13891445938 | human sacrifice | a person who is killed as part of a religious ritual | 93 | |
| 13891445939 | Serfdom | A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century. | 94 | |
| 13891445940 | Swahili city-states | Waring states that were always competing for control of trade routes and each other. established by swahili., Many of these city-states were Muslim and very cosmopolitan. | 95 | |
| 13891445941 | Mansa Musa | Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. | 96 | |
| 13891445942 | Mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. | 97 | |
| 13891445943 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning. | 98 | |
| 13891445944 | Ming Dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. | 99 | |
| 13891446526 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. | 100 | |
| 13891446527 | Caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. | 101 | |
| 13891446528 | Atlantic Slave Trade | Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade. | 102 | |
| 13891446529 | Colonies | a group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation. | 103 | |
| 13891446530 | Mercantilism | An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought | 104 | |
| 13891446531 | British East India Company | A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years. | 105 | |
| 13891446532 | cash crop | a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower. | 106 | |
| 13891446533 | Small pox | As one of the earliest kinds of vaccinations, the people of Ancient China would swallow powdered fleas on infected cows to help prevent a popular disease, that is currently extinguished, known as ____ ____. | 107 | |
| 13891446534 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 108 | |
| 13891446535 | Encomienda System | It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity | 109 | |
| 13891446536 | Ottomans | Turkish empire based in Anatolia. Arrived in the same wave of Turkish migrations as the Seljuks. | 110 | |
| 13891446537 | Safavids | A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans and Arabs. | 111 | |
| 13891446538 | Mughals | muslim rulers over india, combined Hindu and Muslim, brought India to the peak of its political empire, had a single government with a common culture | 112 | |
| 13891446539 | Sikhism | the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam | 113 | |
| 13891446540 | Devshirme | 'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries. | 114 | |
| 13891446541 | Mestizo | A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry. | 115 | |
| 13891446542 | Mulatto | A person of mixed African and European ancestry | 116 | |
| 13891446543 | Creoles | Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status. | 117 | |
| 13891446544 | Encomienda System | It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity | 118 | |
| 13891446545 | Little Ice Age | A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. | 119 | |
| 13891446546 | Absolute Monarchy | A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power | 120 | |
| 13891446547 | Divine Right | Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god. | 121 | |
| 13891446548 | Versailles Palace | Royal palace built during the reign of Louis XIV that became the most impressive palace in all of Europe. It was the quintessential embodiment of baroque architecture. | 122 | |
| 13891446549 | Taj Mahal | beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife | 123 | |
| 13891446550 | Industrial Revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. | 124 | |
| 13891446551 | steam engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery. | 125 | |
| 13891446552 | Textiles | The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century. | 126 | |
| 13891446553 | Second Industrial Revolution | Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s. | 127 | |
| 13891446554 | Rubber | A key invention in the second industrial revolution, led to the creation of many other products. | 128 | |
| 13891446555 | Opium | substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived | 129 | |
| 13891446556 | Classical Liberalism | A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power. | 130 | |
| 13891446557 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. | 131 | |
| 13891446558 | Karl Marx | 1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. | 132 | |
| 13891446559 | Capitalism | an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. | 133 | |
| 13891446560 | Marxism | Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle. | 134 | |
| 13891446561 | Unions | An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages. | 135 | |
| 13891446562 | Tanzimat Reforms | A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire set to revise Ottoman law to help lift the capitulations put on the Ottomans by European powers. | 136 | |
| 13891446563 | Qing dynasty | (1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture, | 137 | |
| 13891446564 | Self-Strengthening Movement | late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders | 138 | |
| 13891446565 | Boxer Rebellion | 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops. | 139 | |
| 13891446566 | Taiping Rebellion | (1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners. | 140 | |
| 13891446567 | Meiji Japan | Meiji Japan was an era that lasted from 1868-1912 when Japan began it's rapid pricess of westernization, industrialization, and expansion in foreign affairs. | 141 | |
| 13891446568 | Muhammad Ali | Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. | 142 | |
| 13891446569 | Social Darwinism | The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. | 143 | |
| 13891446570 | Imperialism | A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. | 144 | |
| 13891446571 | Tokugawa Japan | Tokugawa Japan was the final period of traditional Japan during the time period of 1603-1867, founded by Tokugawa Leyasu, Shoguns. | 145 | |
| 13891446572 | Indian Rebellion of 1857 | Indian rebellion against the English East India Company to bring religious purification, an egalitarian society, and local and communal solidarity without the interference of British rule. | 146 | |
| 13891446573 | Enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. | 147 | |
| 13891446574 | Natural Rights | the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property | 148 | |
| 13891446575 | John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. | 149 | |
| 13891446576 | Haitian Revolution | A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. | 150 | |
| 13891446577 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. | 151 | |
| 13891446578 | Jamaica Letter | A was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on thee independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate. | 152 | |
| 13891446579 | Simon Bolivar | 1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. | 153 | |
| 13891446580 | Maroon Societies | Communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin American. and the United States. | 154 | |
| 13891446581 | Feminism | the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men | 155 | |
| 13891446582 | Suffrage movements | groups that protest for voting rights and equality. | 156 | |
| 13891446583 | Abolitionists | people who believed that slavery should be against the law | 157 | |
| 13891446584 | Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women | 158 | |
| 13891446585 | Indentured servitude | A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. | 159 | |
| 13891446586 | Chinese Exclusion Act | (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. | 160 | |
| 13891446587 | ethnic enclave | A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area | 161 | |
| 13891446588 | Green Revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. | 162 | |
| 13891446589 | vaccine | A harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen | 163 | |
| 13891446590 | Quinine | An agent that proved effective in controlling attacks of malaria, which had previously decimated Europeans in the tropics. | 164 | |
| 13891446591 | Nuclear power | electric or motive power generated by a nuclear reactor. | 165 | |
| 13891446592 | Malaria | A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood. | 166 | |
| 13891446593 | Total War | A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort | 167 | |
| 13891446594 | Ho Chi Minh | Communist leader of North Vietnam | 168 | |
| 13891446595 | Stalin | Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) | 169 | |
| 13891446596 | Communism | A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. | 170 | |
| 13891446597 | Mexican Revolution | (1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. | 171 | |
| 13891446598 | League of Nations | an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations | 172 | |
| 13891446599 | Treaty of Versailles | the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans | 173 | |
| 13891446600 | World Bank | A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. | 174 | |
| 13891446601 | NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada. | 175 | |
| 13891446602 | Mao Zedong | (1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976. | 176 | |
| 13891446603 | Deng Xiaoping | Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. | 177 | |
| 13891446604 | Cold War | A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. | 178 | |
| 13891446605 | Mohandas Gandhi | A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change. | 179 | |
| 13891446606 | Pakistan/India partition | the process that led to the creation, on 14 August 1947 and 15 August 1947, respectively, of the sovereign states of Dominion of Pakistan (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan) and Union of India (later Republic of India) upon the granting of independence from the British Empire, marking the end of the British rule of India. | 180 | |
| 13891446607 | Martin Luther King Jr. | U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964) | 181 | |
| 13891446608 | Nelson Mandela | First black president of South Africa | 182 | |
| 13891446609 | Apartheid | Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. | 183 | |
| 13891446610 | Tianmen Square Protests | DescriptionThe Tiananmen Square protests, commonly known in mainland China as the June Fourth Incident, were student-led demonstrations in Beijing in mid-1989. More broadly, it refers to the popular national movement inspired by the Beijing protests during that period, sometimes called the '89 Democracy Movement. | 184 | |
| 13891446611 | Al-queda | Islamic fundamentalist group; originally supported by U.S when fighting Russia in Afghanistan; anti-us; Osama ben Laden is Leader | 185 | |
| 13891446612 | NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations | 186 | |
| 13891446613 | Warsaw Pact | An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO | 187 | |
| 13891446614 | Propaganda | Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause. | 188 | |
| 13891446615 | Fascism | A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition | 189 | |
| 13891446616 | Totalitarianism | A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) | 190 | |
| 13891446617 | Great Depression | the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s | 191 | |
| 13891446618 | Palestinian Displacement | Result of the 1948 Palestine War, Palestinians fled or were forced out of their homeland in order to make room for the Jews. | 192 | |
| 13891446619 | Decolonization | The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence. | 193 | |
| 13891446620 | Zionism | A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine. | 194 | |
| 13891446621 | Holocaust | a large-scale destruction, especially by fire; a vast slaughter; a burnt offering | 195 | |
| 13891446622 | Rwandan Genocide | The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done. | 196 |
