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| 4407280953 | Paleolithic, or Old Stone, Age | the period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. | 0 | |
| 4407280954 | Neolithic Revolution | the period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period. | 1 | |
| 4407280955 | Matrilocal | of or denoting a custom in marriage whereby the husband goes to live with the wife's community. | 2 | |
| 4407280956 | Hammurabi | the first king of the Babylonian Empire. Best known for his legal code. | 3 | |
| 4407280957 | Indo-Europeans | of or relating to the family of languages spoken over the greater part of Europe and Asia as far as northern India. | 4 | |
| 4407280958 | Homo sapiens | a species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools. | 5 | |
| 4407280959 | Matrilineal | of or based on kinship with the mother or the female line. | 6 | |
| 4407280960 | Domestication | trained to live or work for humans, i.e. pets and farm animals | 7 | |
| 4407280961 | Harappa | site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation, and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. | 8 | |
| 4407280962 | Savage | a member of a people regarded as primitive and uncivilized. | 9 | |
| 4407280963 | Neanderthals | an extinct species of human that was widely distributed in ice-age Europe between circa 120,000-35,000 years ago, with a receding forehead and prominent brow ridges. | 10 | |
| 4407280964 | Mesopotamia | a region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. | 11 | |
| 4407280965 | Pastoralism | the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry. | 12 | |
| 4407280966 | Jericho | a city located near the Jordan River in the West Bank. | 13 | |
| 4407280967 | Social differentiation | the distinction made between social groups and persons on the basis of biological, physiological, and sociocultural factors, as sex, age, or ethnicity, resulting in the assignment of roles and status within a society. | 14 | |
| 4407280968 | Shang dynasty | The first dynasty in China. Rulers and their relatives gave orders through a large network of cities. Largest Chinese dynasty so far, controlled close to 40,000 square miles. | 15 | |
| 4407280969 | Metalworking | the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large-scale structures. | 16 | |
| 4407280970 | Civilization | the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced. | 17 | |
| 4407280971 | Catal Huyuk | a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date. | 18 | |
| 4407280972 | River Valley Civilizations | an agricultural nation or civilization situated beside and often drawing sustenance from a river. | 19 | |
| 4407280973 | Sumerians | a member of the indigenous non-Semitic people of ancient Babylonia. | 20 | |
| 4407280974 | Indian River Valley Civilization | an ancient civilization that flourished from about 2500 B.C. to about 1500 B.C. in the valley of the Indus River and its tributaries. | 21 | |
| 4407280975 | Chinese River Valley Civilization | the first great civilization to develop in China. Around 7,000 BC, people settled in the lands surrounding the Yellow River. The region became a center of culture, and China's first villages were founded there. | 22 | |
| 4407286806 | Zhou dynasty | Succeeded the Shang dynasty. Similar to the Shang And Xia dynastic periods in that China was fragmented politically. Yet, despite the lack of true centralization, this was one of the longest Chinese dynasties, lasting about 600 years. It left substantial written records, unlike the preceding dynasties. | 23 | |
| 4407286807 | Qin Shi Huangdi | the emperor of the Qin dynasty who conquered all other Warring States and united China in 221 BC. | 24 | |
| 4407286808 | Qin dynasty | first unified and politically central imperial Chinese dynasty. | 25 | |
| 4407286809 | Han dynasty | the second imperial dynasty of China. Founded in 206 BC when the rebel leader Liu Bang successfully ended the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty lasted for four centuries and is considered a golden age in Chinese history. | 26 | |
| 4407286810 | Wu Ti | the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty of China, ruling from 141-87 BC. | 27 | |
| 4407286811 | Mandate of Heaven | a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | 28 | |
| 4407286812 | Era of Warring States | the period from 475 BC until the unification of China under the Qin dynasty, characterized by lack of centralized government in China. It followed the Zhou dynasty. | 29 | |
| 4407286813 | Legalism | philosophy that gained ground during the Zhou and was dominant during the Qin dynasty which was rooted in the belief that laws should replace morality and a ruler must provide. | 30 | |
| 4407286814 | Mandarins | educated bureaucrats who were one of the three main social groups of ancient China. | 31 | |
| 4407286815 | "Mean People" | general category of people identified as ancient China's lower social group who performed unskilled labor. | 32 | |
| 4407286816 | Patriarchalism | ideas that social organization should be ordered with the male as the head of the family and institutions. | 33 | |
| 4407286817 | Confucius, a.k.a. Kung Fuzi | Chinese philosopher who wrote an elaborate political philosophy that became the core of China's culture. Those who adapted his teachings saw him not as a deity, but as a master of ethics. | 34 | |
| 4407286818 | Daoism | philosophy that teaches that everything should be left to the natural order; rejects many of the Confucian ideas but coexisted with Confucianism in China. | 35 | |
| 4407286819 | Silk Road | trade route that connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture. | 36 | |
| 4407286820 | Laozi | a philosopher and poet of ancient China. He is best known as the founder of philosophical Taoism. | 37 | |
| 4407286821 | Analects | a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his contemporaries. | 38 | |
| 4407289702 | Alexander the Great | king of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia. | 39 | |
| 4407289703 | Aryans | immigrants who arrived at the Ganges river valley by the year 1000 BC. | 40 | |
| 4407289704 | Maurya dynasty | dynasty that ruled ancient India from 322-185 BCE. | 41 | |
| 4407289705 | Ashoka | the Mauryan emperor who can be compared to Constantine and who promoted Buddhism throughout his empire. | 42 | |
| 4407289706 | Gupta Empire | powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. | 43 | |
| 4407289707 | Caste system | a social system that separated people by occupation, the caste system in India has virtually no mobility. | 44 | |
| 4407289708 | Untouchables | a member of the lowest-caste Hindu group or a person outside the caste system. | 45 | |
| 4407289709 | Hinduism | term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. | 46 | |
| 4407289710 | Sanskrit | an Indo-European language in use since circa 1200 B.C.E. as the religious and classical literary language of India. | 47 | |
| 4407289711 | Upanishads | a major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised. | 48 | |
| 4407289712 | Dharma | the basic doctrine shared by Buddhists of all sects. | 49 | |
| 4407289713 | Vishnu and Shiva | major Hindu gods, called The Preserver and the Destroyer, respectively. | 50 | |
| 4407289714 | Buddhism | a religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths to which one is otherwise subject. | 51 | |
| 4407289715 | Tamil kingdoms | the kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north. | 52 | |
| 4407289716 | Buddha | the founder of the religion Buddhism who believed that all life was suffering. | 53 | |
| 4407289717 | Himalayas | a mountain range in South Asia which separates the Indo-Gangetic Plain from the Tibetan Plateau. | 54 | |
| 4407289718 | Vedas | early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down. | 55 | |
| 4407289719 | Varnas | the four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. | 56 | |
| 4407289720 | Jati | a sub-varna in the caste system that gave people of sense of community because they usually consisted of people working in the same occupation. | 57 | |
| 4407289721 | Chandragupta Maurya | the founder of the Maurya Empire and the first emperor to unify most of Greater India into one state. | 58 | |
| 4407289722 | Karma | in Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a 'spirit' and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. Used in India to make people happy with their lot in life. | 59 | |
| 4407289723 | Hindu Kush | an 800-kilometre-long mountain range that stretches between central Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. It is a western subrange of the Himalayas. | 60 | |
| 4407289724 | Brahman | the term for The Universal Soul in Hinduism. | 61 | |
| 4407289725 | Reincarnation | the rebirth of a soul in a new body. | 62 | |
| 4407289726 | Nirvana | release from suffering into a blissful nothingness. | 63 | |
| 4407289727 | Stupas | a dome-shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine. | 64 | |
| 4407292453 | Cyrus the Great | created the Persian Empire by defeating the Medes, Lydians, and Babylonians; was known for his allowance of existing governments to continue governing under his name | 65 | |
| 4407292454 | Pericles | aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens. | 66 | |
| 4407292455 | Alexander the Great | king of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia. | 67 | |
| 4407292456 | Hellenistic Age | Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam. | 68 | |
| 4407292457 | Punic Wars | the three wars waged by Rome against Carthage, 264-241, 218-201, and 149-146 b.c., resulting in the destruction of Carthage and the annexation of its territory by Rome | 69 | |
| 4407292458 | Julius Caesar | part of the first triumvirate who eventually became "emperor for life". Chose not to conquer Germany. Was assassinated by fellow senators in 44 B.C.E. | 70 | |
| 4407292459 | Diocletian | Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement. | 71 | |
| 4407292460 | Constantine | Roman emperor who adopted Christianity for the Roman Empire and who founded Constantinople as a second capital | 72 | |
| 4407292461 | City-states | a small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. | 73 | |
| 4407292462 | Roman Senate | a council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. | 74 | |
| 4407292463 | Consuls | under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. Nominated by the Senate and elected by citizens in the Comitia Centuriata, the consuls held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other. | 75 | |
| 4407292464 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. | 76 | |
| 4407292465 | Plato | Socrates' most well known pupil. Founded an academy in Athens. | 77 | |
| 4407292466 | Aristotle | pupil of Plato who tutored Alexander the Great; argued for small units of government like the city-state. | 78 | |
| 4407292467 | Stoicism | the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno -- emphasized reason as a means of understanding the natural state of things, or logos, and as a means of freeing oneself from emotional distress. | 79 | |
| 4407292468 | Peloponnesian Wars | conflict between Athenian And Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed but both were weakened sufficient to be soon conquered by Macedonians. | 80 | |
| 4407292469 | Augustus Caesar | name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome. | 81 | |
| 4407292470 | Polis | a city-state in ancient Greece. | 82 | |
| 4407292471 | Persian wars | conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. | 83 | |
| 4407292472 | Roman republic | the period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. | 84 | |
| 4407292473 | Athens | a democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta. | 85 | |
| 4407292474 | Sparta | Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts. | 86 | |
| 4407296832 | Kush | an ancient African kingdom situated on the confluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile and River Atbara in what is now the Republic of Sudan. | 87 | |
| 4407296833 | Axum | the Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa. | 88 | |
| 4407296834 | Ethiopia | east African highland nation lying east of the Nile River. | 89 | |
| 4407296835 | Shintoism | an indigenous religion of Japan and the people of Japan. | 90 | |
| 4407296836 | Olmec | the first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. | 91 | |
| 4407296837 | Teotihuacan | a powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. | 92 | |
| 4407296838 | Incan Empire | formed in present day Peru. Expanded out as far south as Chile and as far North as Ecuador. Best known for their enormous wealth. | 93 | |
| 4407296839 | Yellow Turbans | a 184 C.E. peasant revolt against emperor Ling of Han. Led by Daoists who proclaimed that a new era would be3ing with the fall of the Han. Although this specific revolt was suppressed, it triggered a continuous string of additional outbreaks. | 94 | |
| 4407296840 | Rajput | members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. | 95 | |
| 4407296841 | Constantinople | city founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire. | 96 | |
| 4407296842 | Byzantine Empire | historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century until its downfall to the Ottomans in 1453. Famous for being a center of Orthodox Christianity and Greek-based culture. | 97 | |
| 4407296843 | Coptic Christianity | branch of Christianity developed in Axum. | 98 | |
| 4407296844 | Syncretism | the unification of opposing people, ideas, or practices. | 99 | |
| 4407296845 | Bodhisattvas | enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. | 100 | |
| 4407296846 | Mahayana Buddhism | also known as popular Buddhism, is allows people more ways to reach enlightenment and bodhisattvas can help you reach enlightenment. | 101 | |
| 4407296847 | Jesus of Nazareth | a Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. He is the basis of the world's largest religion. | 102 | |
| 4407296848 | Apostle Paul | a Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, according to Christian belief, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, he became arguably the most significant figure in the spread of Christianity and the shaping of its doctrine. | 103 | |
| 4407296849 | Maya | extensive Mesoamerican culture that made great advances in astronomy in areas such as their famous calendar. | 104 | |
| 4407296850 | Pope | the head of the Roman Catholic Church. | 105 | |
| 4407296851 | Islam | the religious faith of Muslims, based on the words and religious system founded by the prophet Muhammad and taught by the Koran, the basic principle of which is absolute submission to a unique and personal god, Allah. | 106 | |
| 4407296852 | Allah | the Arabic word for God. | 107 | |
| 4407296853 | Diocletian | Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section. | 108 | |
| 4407296854 | Constantine | Roman emperor who adopted Christianity for the Roman Empire and who founded Constantinople as a second capital. | 109 | |
| 4407296855 | Huns | large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting. | 110 | |
| 4407296856 | Justinian | emperor of the Byzantine empire. | 111 |
