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| 3987001602 | pastoral societies | societies containing people called pastoral nomads, do not settle, move with animals. This was another form of living other than hunting and gathering, and was started by the Agricultural Revolution and the domestication of animals | 0 | |
| 3987001603 | Catalhuyuk | a very early agricultural village in southern Turkey who buried their dead under their houses and then filled the houses with dirt and built new ones on top. There were no streets, so people moved about on rooftops. They had much of the social and gender equality of the hunting and gathering communities, and had no kings, chiefs, bureaucrats, or aristocracies. | 1 | |
| 3987001604 | megafaunal extinction | the extinction of large animals, specifically mammals, famously done by the Clovis people. This affected the food source of these people, their life expectancy dropped, and their hunting forms changed. | 2 | |
| 3987001605 | banpo | an ancient village uncovering in 1953, revealed the explosion of technological innovation in the age of agriculture. They domesticated millet, pigs, and dogs, with supplements in diet from wild plants, animals, and fish. The village had around 500 people with many storage areas. There was a large central space for public religious or political activity. It taught more people about the new technological innovations, which will allow them to improve agriculture and increase civilization size. | 3 | |
| 3987001606 | "secondary products revolution" | a further set of technological changes, beginning around 4000 BCE involving new uses for the domesticated animals beyond meat and hide. Some of these products include wool, milk, manure to enrich soil, and they learned to ride horses and camels and to hitch plows to other various animals. It let people to not waste other parts of the animal and get more out of their time. | 4 | |
| 3987001607 | diffusion | the gradual spread of agricultural techniques and the plants and animals themselves without the extensive movement of agricultural people. This goes to explain how the Agricultural Revolution occurred all over the world at relatively the same time | 5 | |
| 3987001608 | Bantu migration | beginning from what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon around 3000 BCE, the Bantu speaking people moved east and south over the next millennium, bringing their skills, methods, and language with them. There are many present day African languages that have roots with the Bantu languages, showing the Bantu people's widespread influence throughout Africa | 6 | |
| 3987001609 | "the original affluent society" | the way that scholars referred to the people of hunting and gathering societies, not because they had so much, but because they needed and got by with so little. The people spend less time to meet their needs then they do today, even when they have to take care of themselves | 7 | |
| 3987001610 | Paleolithic settling down | this was when the paleolithic people stopped being pastoral nomads and permanently stayed in one place, due to their ability to gain enough resources and necessities for life in one location. This proved that people would soon start to domesticate and cultivate plants and animals, and it was a major step for the people at the time | 8 | |
| 3987001611 | fertile crescent | a place located in what is now the middle east, it was the site of many significant processes in the early world, first breakthrough of agriculture and some civilizations. This was where the first breakthrough of agriculture was, and might help explain who and what used to inhabit the land. The land there was good for agriculture | 9 | |
| 3987001612 | Ishi | a man who was the last of his tribe of hunting and gathering tribe, the Yahi, during the 1900s. It shows how even though hunting and gathering largely transitioned to agriculture with the domestication of animals and plants, there are still hunting and gathering tribes who practice the ways of the first people | 10 | |
| 3987001613 | teosinte | a crop the Americas had because it did not require rich soil, ancestor of corn, a mountain grass that looks nothing like corn. It can tell archaeologists how the people lived, what they first domesticated in the Americas, their diets, and what the soil was like | 11 | |
| 3987001614 | Gobekli Tepe | an archaeological complex thought to be a ceremonial site, made by the paleolithic people with massive limestone pillars and graceful carvings. This has helped show archaeologists what the paleolithic era was like, how the people lived, the technology they had, the types of structures they used | 12 | |
| 3987001615 | Clovis culture | the culture of people who were a part of one of the first clearly defined and widespread cultural traditions in the Americas who made the projectile point, the clovis point. Scattered bands of Clovis people ranged over large areas around 13,000 years ago, large mammal hunters, responsible for the megafaunal extinction | 13 | |
| 3987001616 | shamans | religious/priest like figures that some people believed could access impersonal forces throughout the natural order. They took drugs and were a part time occupation before the Agricultural Revolution. This was a form of religion and spiritual calling that people believed in other than monotheism. | 14 | |
| 3987001617 | trance dance | the practice Shamans would for their religion. The Shamans took a drug so they could be in a different state of mind for the dance. It was one of the first practices of spirit in the early societies and may have led to future spirituality | 15 | |
| 3987001618 | venus figurines | figurines that depict the female form like a goddess, often with exaggerated features. They tell scholars of the history of these people, how women were perceived, their role, high status, and they show the diffusion that occurred throughout Europe | 16 | |
| 3987001619 | Austronesian migrations | the migration of Austronesian speaking people, who completed the human settlement quite recently as they settled the islands of the vast pacific and Madagascar. Many people who spoke the same language migrated over a very large area, contributing to the present day culture of that region. | 17 | |
| 3987001620 | chiefdoms | Agricultural village societies that came to be organized politically as chiefdoms, in which the people inherited positions of power and privelage. This introduced a distinct element of inequality that was not present in the societies before | 18 | |
| 3987001621 | dreamtime | a complex outlook on the world from the early people of Australia, the Aboriginals. They had many stories, ceremonies, rock art. They recounted the beginnings of things, such as how ancestral beings crisscrossed the land, creating its rivers, hills rocks, and waterholes, how various peoples came to inhabit the land, how they related to animals and one another. | 19 | |
| 3987001622 | Norte Chico/Caral | one of the early civilizations in Peru from 3000 B.C.E. to 1800 B.C.E. Received little rainfall but had runoff rivers from the Andes Mountains. They were a series of about 25 urban centers, with earthen mounds for ceremonies. This is significant because it was unique from other civilizations. It did not show much economic specialization, but rather based on fishing and exchange. Developed much less than other civilizations | 20 | |
| 3987001623 | Indus valley civilization | remarkable civilization during 3rd millennium BCE. By 2000 BCE it was much larger than Mesopotamia, Egypt, or Peru with elaborately planned cities. Everything was standardized, with the main economic activity being irrigated agriculture. It was abandoned by 1700 BCE. They generated no palaces, temples, elaborate graves, kings, or warrior classes. They were an early civilization with little political hierarchy or centralized state. It is one of the only civilizations to have a sophisticated society without corresponding state | 21 | |
| 3987001624 | Central Asian/Oxus civilization | in Oxus or Amu Darya River Valley after 2200 BCE many residential compounds, artisan workshops, temples. Based on agriculture, stock raising, unique culture expressed in art. It had no literary history. By 1700 BCE it had been abandoned, another example of over planting and too much agriculture haring the civilization. | 22 | |
| 3987001625 | Early Chinese Civilizations | dating to around 2200 BCE, with the ideal of a centralized state from the beginning. Many dynasties expanded the Chinese state, lavish tombs, many sacrifices. By 1046 (Zhou) political ideology emerged with a ruler (son of heaven). They had a clear ruler, and had the Mandate of Heave, early writing. It lasted the longest, with Chinese dynasties existing into nearly present day | 23 | |
| 3987001626 | Olmec civilization | around 1200 BCE along Gulf of Mexico, based on agriculture of maize, beans and squash, cities arose from a series of competing chiefdoms and became economic centers with temples, altars, pyramids, and tombs. This was considered the "mother civilization" for Mesoamerica and started written language in the Americas by 900 BCE. Their cultural patterns spread widely and greatly influenced subsequent civilizations, such as Maya and Teotihuacan | 24 | |
| 3987001627 | Uruk | Ancient Mesopotamia's largest city, with over 20 foot tall walls and over 50,000 people in 3rd millennium BCE. Many pyramids and temples, and many different jobs. This shows how agriculture has led to many amazing human developments. Storing food and being able to specialize jobs has led to many cities in the first civilizations | 25 | |
| 3987001628 | Mohenjo Daro/Harappa | located along the banks of the Indus River around 2000 BCE with 40,000 people. Harappa was its sister city, and had large, richly built houses, plumbing, grid streets, complex sewage system, grand public buildings. This featured plumbing, which people were able to develop with free time. Having surplus food allowed for many innovations. It shows the divide in class due to job specialization as well | 26 | |
| 3987001629 | Epic of Gilgamesh | Mesopotamia's ancient epic poem, describes many ancient cities, such as Uruk. It also showed the pessimistic view/outlook of the gods and the world in Mesopotamia. This poem does a good job of depicting what life may have been like in the first civilizations and cities of Mesopotamia, including their appearance and features and their cultural views | 27 | |
| 3987001630 | Code of Hammurabi | describes the punishment for crime in Mesopotamia based on social class. If a commoner struck someone equal, they payed a fine, but were beat if they struck a superior. This code shows the class hierarchies and how equality was beginning to fade. It was used to give punishments | 28 | |
| 3987001631 | patriarchy | cultures define roles in society based on gender, men as superiors, women typically stayed home and men did work out of the house, women were defined by their relationship to a man. This division among genders is representative of warfare, as men were needed to fight, and because the agriculture required much more physical strength | 29 | |
| 3987001632 | rise of the state | held civilizations together, usually headed by kings, protected the upper class, authority was increased by writing (elite status, prestige, propaganda, accounting), luxury for kings and upper class. States are significant because they furthered the social inequality and protected the upper class, but also held civilizations together | 30 | |
| 3987001633 | Egypt: "the gift of the Nile" | Nile river valley, positive outlook, protected from attack, Pharohs, sustainable agriculture, lasted 3,000 years, unified territory, cities were less important, traded with Mesopotamia and others nearby. This is a good example that shows the different aspects required for a successful civilization to last for a long time | 31 | |
| 3987001634 | Paneb | 13th century BCE, illustrates not orderly side of Egypt, born into a tomb worker family, married with a large family (trouble with rape, seduced women), harassed and tricked workers, stole, classic Egyptian criminal. Portrays the side that is not orderly or harmonious, shows the criminals that existed in most civilizations but were not always portrayed | 32 | |
| 3987001635 | Nubia | south of Egypt in the Nile valley, located deep into Africa, became part of the Egyptian empire by 14th century BCE. Shows Egypt's relationships for trade with many other civilizations and how it was important that they were on good terms so they could get everything they needed | 33 | |
| 3987001636 | Cesar Augustus | Octavian, later granted the title of Augustus, 27 BCE-14 CE (title implied divine status), Rome was changing power to authority in an emperor. The first emperor of the newly began Roman Empire, first ruler now that Rome was no longer a republic | 34 | |
| 3987001637 | Alexander the Great | Philip II's son, led a Greek expedition against Persian Empire, created cities that helped spread culture. He helped to spread Greek culture all over and unify Greece in war against Persia | 35 | |
| 3987001638 | Hellenistic era | 323-30 BCE, Alexander's conquests lay in the widespread dissemination of Greek culture during this time, cities created a path for culture to spread. This era is when Greek culture really began to spread and take over, cultural interaction and blending occurred, represented a remarkable cultural encounter | 36 | |
| 3987001639 | Greco-Persian Wars | both expanded to cause conflict, Greeks defeated Persians, great sense of pride, brought Greeks many freedoms. This created the east/west divide, radicalized Athenian democracy, freedoms motivated men to fight, shaped European and North American thinking | 37 | |
| 3987001640 | Persian Empire | 500 BCE, under Achamenid dynasty, constructed an imperial system drawing on previous examples, 35-50 million people, centered on kingship, governors, canal, taxes, etc. Their imperial centers represented their wealth and authority. This was the most impressive empire, the respected non-original cultures | 38 | |
| 3987001641 | Athenian democracy | "citizenship," free people managing state affairs, much public assembly, tyrants emerged, debt slavery was abolished, public office was more open. One of the first forms of democracy, unique in its idea of "citizenship" and equality for all men by law, easy to participate | 39 | |
| 3987001642 | Ashoka | emperor of Mauryan empire, 268 to 232 BCE, recorded thinking and activities on rocks and pillars, converted to Buddhism, moralistic approach. Shows how an emperor can influence an empire as the Mauryan empire broke apart after his death | 40 | |
| 3987001643 | Mauryan Empire | 326 to 184 BCE, all but the southern tip of India, influenced by Persians and Greeks, impressive political structure, 50 million people, large military. Demonstrates how the empires before strongly influence what comes after | 41 | |
| 3987001644 | Han dynasty | 206 BCE to 220 CE, retained features form Shihuangdi's creation, adopted milder Confucianism. Established political patterns seen into the 20th century | 42 | |
| 3987001645 | Trug Trac | 40 CE, led Vietnamese resistance with sister, married someone who was vocal about their dislike for China, captured many towns quickly, soon were overwhelmed by China. Her story inspired later Vietnamese resistances, temples, streets, and neighborhoods were named after the sisters, demonstrated more gender equality | 43 | |
| 3987001646 | Qin Shihuangdi | state that succeeded in reunifying China, effective bureaucracy, growth in population, agricultural efficiency, legalism with clear rules and punishment. In 10 years, China was reunified and other warring states were defeated, this had succeeded where others had failed | 44 | |
| 3987001647 | pax Romana | with an emperor in disguise (had forms of republic, but clearly an empire), who provided security, grandeur, relative prosperity, era of imperial Rome's greatest extent and authority. The Roman republic had transitioned to an empire and this led to expansion, authority, and prosperity | 45 | |
| 3987001648 | Perpetua | 181 CE, upper class Roman family, well educated, studied Christianity, ordered to be imprisoned, refused to deny her devotion, ordered to be executed. Some people took their religious beliefs very seriously, they were afraid of being unclean in spirit, she stood up for and held to her beliefs until death | 46 | |
| 3987001649 | Church of the East | Syria and Persia, well organized church, distinct theologically and organizationally, gained special rights. One example of how Christianity is all over the world and can be incorporated into many different cultures | 47 | |
| 3987001650 | Saint Paul | saw Jesus as divine, helped transformation into a world religion, said good news was that they no longer had to follow Jewish beliefs, said women were subject to husbands. Major helper in the transformation and spread of Christianity, as well as the establishment of belief systems | 48 | |
| 3987001651 | Jesus of Nazareth | basis of second greatest universal religion, Christianity grew out of his life and teachings, grew up in a small town, Jewish, teacher, challenged conventional values, devotion to a single god. He began one of the largest, most widespread religions, beginning in early CE | 49 | |
| 3987001652 | Socrates/Plato/Aristotle | classical Greek thinkers. Socrates: started Greek Rationalism, killed for his questioning. Plato: sketched out "good society" ruled by the highly educated, wanted to grasp real and unchanging existence. Aristotle: student of Plato, big questioner, ideas used until 1600s. Formed ideas that were used by many later thinkers and societies | 50 | |
| 3987001653 | Greek Rationalism | no lasting religious tradition, secular, order and understanding, 600-300 BCE, asked many questions, Socrates was founder, way of thinking was considered dangers to government. These concepts were later applied by other classical Greek thinkers, such as Thales, Democritus, Pythagoras | 51 | |
| 3987001654 | Judaism | among Hebrews, with Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Abraham, 9th-6th century BCE, monotheistic, believed in Yahweh, often persecuted, exclusive loyalty to God, considered chosen people, compassionate. Another monotheistic religion that influenced future ones such as Christianity or Islam | 52 | |
| 3987001655 | Zoroastrianism | Persian prophet Zarathustra, 6th or 7th century BCE, ideas got support in Achamenid dynasty, worshiped Ahura Mazda, believed in reincarnation, struggle between good and evil, first beliefs of heaven and hell. First monotheistic religion, was the basis of many future monotheistic belief systems | 53 | |
| 3987001656 | Bhagavad Gita | Hindu text, warrior, hero Arjuna needs to kill his kinsmen, but Vishnu said performing warrior duty selflessly was ok, affirmation that people other the Brahmins could reach enlightenment. Explained that withdrawal and asceticism were not the only ways to moshka, more equality as to who could reach spiritual fufullment | 54 | |
| 3987001657 | Mahayana | modified Buddhism, help for voyage, spiritually developed people postponed their enlightenment to help others, saw Buddha as a god. Caused Buddhism to develop into a popular religion, allowed many more people to reach enlightenment | 55 | |
| 3987001658 | Theravada | taught intense self-effort (monks and nuns) who withdrew from society to devote themselves to the quest, portrayed Buddha as a wise teacher, but not divine, more psychological, gods played little role. Shows one set of beliefs of how to reach Nirvana, individuals were on their own, one variation of Buddhism | 56 | |
| 3987001659 | Siddhartha Guatama (the Buddha) | 6th century BCE, prince of a small Indian state, went on a 6 year spiritual quest and reached enlightenment, believed suffering and sorrow was the basis of human life and the goal was to live a modest life. He was the founder of Buddhism, and his way of life is what created the standards and beliefs of religion, had followers to believe the religion | 57 | |
| 3987001660 | upanishads | rose from dissatisfaction of ritual sacrifice, 800-400 CE, mystical and highly philosophical, wanted to find inner meaning of ritual sacrifice, idea of Brahman, final reality, unitary divine reality, only real thing. Created a new way of thinking that lasted into the rest of Hinduism, Brahman, final and ultimate reality | 58 | |
| 3987001661 | Vedas | sacred texts of Indian culture, collection of poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals, compiled by Brahmin priests, transmitted orally, written in Sanskrit in 600 BCE, tell of competing chiefdoms, suggested patriarchy, ritual sacrifice. Provided commonality, talked about culture, lasted many years, talk of rituals led to criticism and more texts being written | 59 | |
| 3987001662 | Daoism | associated with Laozi in 6th century BCE and Zhuangzi (369-286 CE), withdrew into nature, focused on the way of nature, yin and yang (unity of opposites). Some characteristics are present today, influenced culture as it entered popular religion (magic, fortune telling, ideology for uprisings), enduring element of Chinese culture | 60 | |
| 3987001663 | Ban Zhao | 45-116 CE, spelled out women's roles, wrote "Lessons for Women" called for the education of young girls so they could better serve their husbands. Defined the patriarchy that was present in Confucianism. These writings spelled out what was expected of women and how they were to live their lives | 61 | |
| 3987001664 | Confucianism | Confucius (551-479 BCE), enforced order with moral example of superiors, stressed the importance of education, secular approach, family as a model of state, rigid patriarchy. This became a central element of Chinese culture and their way of life, taught laws of respect still known today, more kind approach, established social harmony | 62 | |
| 3987001665 | Legalism | hardheaded and practical philosophy, clearly spelled out rules and laws strictly enforced by rewards and punishments, Han Fei was the prominent philosopher, 200 BCE. First major attempt at reunification of China, influenced subsequent Chinese state craft, but was rarely ever openly advocated | 63 | |
| 3987001666 | Helots | conquered dependents, far more than the free population of Sparta, permanent threat of rebellion, boys removed from family to control the population, mothers seen as important to have sons. Solving this problem shaped Spartan militaristic regime, created more equality for women as they were seen as important to have sons that could join the military | 64 | |
| 3987001667 | Aspasia and Pericles | Aspasia: 470-400 BCE, educated in youth, more freedoms, attracted Pericles (Athens' leading political figure), they were treated as equals. Rare example of the freedoms given to few upper-class Athenian women, her education was very beneficial | 65 | |
| 3987001668 | Empress Wu | Tang Dynasty, 690-705 CE, only woman to ever rule China with the title of Emperor, governed despotically, elevated the position of women, brief reign. Demonstrated the weakening patriarchy of China and the great distress to advocates of Confucian orthodoxy | 66 | |
| 3987001669 | patriarchy | a society in which the males are dominant over the females, strict regulations over female rights and responsibilities. Strong aspect of Chinese, Athenian, Spartan, and Indian culture, as men and women were very unequal in their roles | 67 | |
| 3987001670 | the "three obeisances" | suggested women's obedience to father, husband, and son, spelled out in various Confucian texts. Strong example of the patriarchy of China, fits to ideas of Yin (low, female) and Yang (superior, male) | 68 | |
| 3987001671 | Spartacus | 73 BCE, led a slave rebellion, gladiator, led 70 slaves from gladiator school in a bid for freedom, initial success, grew to 120,000 people, lasted 2 years before the movement split. One of the largest scale rebellions against slavery until Haitian revolution of 1790s | 69 | |
| 3987001672 | Greek and Roman slavery | warfare contributed to slavery, allowed slaves to buy freedom, 30-40% of population, unpaid, horrible treated, believed some people were slaves by nature, slaves rebelled. Large part of their society and economy, carried out many jobs similar to what an untouchable in India would do | 70 | |
| 3987001673 | "ritual purity" in Indian social practice | gave priority to those who were ritually pure (Brahmins), those who came in contact with members of lower classes were in great danger of being polluted. These were very strong beliefs of theirs and demonstrate the caste system and how important it was to their society | 71 | |
| 3987001674 | caste as varna and jati | varna: grew out of race, 500 BCE, born into a caste, Brahmins (priests) at top, Kshatriyas (warriors/rulers), Vaisya (commoners), Sudras (native people, servants), untouchables (dirty workers). Jati: based on occupation, blended with varna, marriage only permitted within Jatis. Justified social system of India, created all social interaction, used karma and Dharma | 72 | |
| 3987001675 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | second century CE, hardships of peasant life led to these rebellions, bands of peasants joined together on Yellow River, 360,000 armed farmers by 184 CE. Found unification in Daoism, looked for the age of equality, social harmony, and common ownership of property, devastated state and economy, overthrew dynasty | 73 | |
| 3987001676 | Ge Hong | southern China, well-established aristocratic family, 283 CE (Han Dynasty), father died at a young age, walked to library for a good education, at 14 studied Daoism, became withdrawn, several military positions wished for immortality. Combined Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism, showed the disorder of China in the fragmented Han dynasty, reached enlightenment/transcendence | 74 | |
| 3987001677 | China's scholar-gentry class | people who benefited from the wealth of their estates and the power and prestige of their education/membership in the official elite. They were the central feature of Chinese society, as Wang Mang made the landowners a prominent class, as they could avoid paying taxes and impoverished the peasants | 75 | |
| 3987001678 | Wang Mang | High court official of the Han Dynasty, firm believer of Confucian government, opposition from wealthy landowners, nomadic invasions, poor harvests, floods, famine led to collapse and his assasination in 23 CE, China. He saw his reforms as recreating a golden age of long ago in which small scale peasant farmers were the backbone, large landowning families | 76 | |
| 3987001679 | Niger Valley civilization | 300 BCE-900 CE, located in Niger River valley, no state organization, specialized roles in small villages, large trade with Mediterranean, occupation castes, drought and war caused the demise, many iron smiths. Major point of trade, city life later declined, but was still a part of future civilizations, demonstrates effects of religious changes to Islam | 77 | |
| 3987001680 | Axum | continuation of Nubia, 50 CE, horn of Africa, monarchy, productive agriculture with wheat, barley, millet, and terr, practiced Christianity from Coptic Church of Egypt, mostly equal, some slaves, drought caused demise, more Islam changing trade. The religion adopted influenced later civilizations, crossroads between Islam and Christianity, very involved in trade of the region | 78 | |
| 3987001681 | Meroe | Nile valley, south of Nubians, this city flourished between 300 BCE and 100 CE, governed by a sacred monarch, queens were equal to men, rural areas practiced herding and farming, rainfall based agriculture, wealth derived from long-distance trade, moved from Egypt influence, declined in 100 CE. It demonstrated how Nubian culture was so close to Egypt, yet they were able to develop independently. | 79 | |
| 3987001682 | Piye | 8th century BCE, northeastern Africa, Kushite ruler (752-721 BCE), assimilated much of Egyptian culture and religion, reluctant to war, established authority in many locations, ruled all of Egypt, left as soon as he finished and never returned. He laid the foundation for the next century of Kushite rule in Egypt, reunified the country, reinvigorated the culture of Amun, important African civilization | 80 | |
| 3987001683 | Maya civilization | 2000 BCE, mesoamerica, no central authority, similar to city-states, main crop was maize, pictograph and phonetic language, ritual sacrifice, very intelligent (math, astronomy). Much of what they discovered is still used today, illustrates fragile civilizations due to warfare and drought | 81 | |
| 3987001684 | Teotihuacan | 150 BCE-650 CE, southern Mexico, military rulers, main crop was maize, extensive trading, believed in gods, goddesses, and sacrifice, several classes, city later abandoned. Very influential across mesoamerica because of great size and prestige, base of agriculture, art, and architecture | 82 | |
| 3987001685 | Chaco phenomenon | 860-1130 CE, New Mexico, main crop of maize, lived in pueblos and kivas, no wheels, many roads, astronomy. Also, their astronomy that they learned about and discovered influenced our knowledge and way of thinking in present times, demonstrated change in population, agriculture, and exchange | 83 | |
| 3987001686 | Mound builders/Cahokia | Hopewell: 200 BCE-400 CE, hunting and gathering, elaborate burial rituals in mounds, trade, pottery, jewelry, taken over by Cahokia: 900 CE-1250 CE, corn based agriculture, widespread trade, clear elite, abandoned settlements. Demonstrate how similar feature (mounds) can be used for drastically different purposes (burial or social levels), made possible by corn | 84 | |
| 3987001687 | Bantu expansion | 3000 BCE, Africa, varied systems of government (kinships, chiefdoms), 400 very similar languages, beliefs of animism, talented iron workers, assimilated as they diffused. Created the linguistic geography of Africa with the many similar languages all over, alternate way of life, slow movement, provided more equality | 85 | |
| 3987001688 | Wari and Tiwanaku | 400-1000 CE, South America, large urban capitals, irrigation, hill side terracing, worshiped Andean staff god, traded with llamas and a network of highways, not much inequality, abandoned in 1000 CE. Basis for much of the Inca civilization, culture lived on in later societies, very little conflict | 86 | |
| 3987001689 | Chavin | 2000-1000 BCE, Andean highlands in Peru, very artistic, religious movement, people moved around, temples and cities formed, upper and lower class distinctions, no central empire. The religious influence created economic and cultural integration in this region, very beautiful artwork | 87 | |
| 3987001690 | Moche | 100-800 CE, Peru, governed by warrior priest and Shaman rulers for rituals, complex irrigation for maize, beans squash, cotton, and fish, very artistic craftspeople, more equality for upper class women. Demonstrated the environmental impacts on the stability of a state, only elite culture is reflected, inequality within the society | 88 | |
| 3987001691 | Thorfinn Karsfeni | viking, 800-1050, in 1007 went to Vinland, encountered many natives, bartered, no permanent presence. This is the only clearly demonstrated connection, he led expeditions and important explorations | 89 | |
| 3987001692 | American Web | less dense, absence of domesticated animals, densely forested Panama made travel hard, large expanse made it hard to adapt agriculture. Some things diffused, but this is an example of how environmental factors greatly influenced trade | 90 | |
| 3987001693 | trans-Saharan slave trade | early on most were women, later more men in many jobs, most were non-Islamic or from stateless societies, 1100-1400, 5,500 slaves per year crossed the desert. This was a common feature in all civilizations, shows how it is a similar feature all across the world | 91 | |
| 3987001694 | Ghana, Mali, Songhay | city-states, states, or empires, 500-1600, took advantage of incentives and resources, monarchies, great riches, some monopolized trade, less strict gender hierarchies. These growing states developed the hierarchy and complexity characteristic of all civilizations | 92 | |
| 3987001695 | Sand Roads | across Sahara, linked North Africa to West Africa, from environmental variation, traded gold, salt, and slaves, used boats and donkeys. Stimulated and enriched West African civilization, influenced the cities of West Afrcia | 93 | |
| 3987001696 | Great Zimbabwe | grew with growth of gold trade, between Lambezi and Limpopo rivers, traded with coastal cities, peak in 1250-1350, constructed huge stone enclosures. This is an example of the reach and transforming power of Indian ocean commerce | 94 | |
| 3987001697 | Swahili civilization | 8th century CE, commercial city-states along coast, African merchant class developed, very urban, lots of competition, big trade centers, became Islamic. Showed how proximity and location are important and how the language of that time influenced the area today | 95 | |
| 3987001698 | Angkor Wat | most stunning architectural temple complex in Angkor Kingdom, 12th century CE, Hinduism, expresses Hindu understanding of the cosmos. Shows how Hinduism spread to southeast Asia, even though it was not a missionary religion, largest religious structure in premodern world | 96 | |
| 3987001699 | Borobudur | huge Buddhist monument, 9th century CE, ten levels, three mile walkways, elaborate illustrations, largest anywhere in the world. Represents the process of Buddhism becoming culturally grounded in a new place, as a Buddhist temple was distinctly a creation of Java | 97 | |
| 3987001700 | Srivijaya | Malay kingdom, dominated trade from 670-1025, plentiful gold, spices attracted supporters with levied taxes on ships, funded a bureaucracy, created military and naval forces. Example of the results of competition along the Malay peninsula and coast of Sumatra, helped form cities of this time and location | 98 | |
| 3987001701 | Indian Ocean trading network | known as the Sea Roads, grew out of environmental and cultural differences, lower transportation cost, shipped bulk goods, rulers used wealth to improve cities, spread Buddhism. It was a much cheaper form of trade, helped spread the culture, caused a lot of political trade and improvement | 99 | |
| 3987001702 | Black Death | associated with Mongol Empire, also known as the Bubonic plague, half the population of Europe perished in 1346-1348, also affected China and the Islamic world. This showed how interaction can cause great problems, the disease also undermined Mongol rule and altered the balance between pastoral and agricultural people | 100 | |
| 3987001703 | Silk Roads | across Eurasia, transported luxury goods, down-the-line way of trade, most popularly traded silks, spread Buddhism, small pox, measles, and the Black Death. Very important in trade, connection and globalization of the area, helped diffuse many aspects of cultures in this area | 101 | |
| 3987001704 | pochteca | professional merchants of Aztecs, controlled access to high-prestige goods, act as private businessmen. Luxury goods were very important to the Aztec elite, so these merchants were very important in the distribution of luxury items | 102 |
