Terms : Hide Images
| 4370067505 | Triple Alliance | secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed on May 20, 1882 and renewed periodically until WWI. Germany and Austria-Hungary have been closely allied since 1879. Treaty says that Germany and Austria-Hungary would assist Italy if it were attacked by France. (period: World War I) | 0 | |
| 4370067506 | Central Powers | coalition that consisted primarily of the German Empire and Austria-Hungar, the "central" European States that were at war from August 1914 against France and Britain (West) and Russia (East). Ottoman Empire (Oct 29, 1914) and Bulgaria (Oct 14, 1915) entered allied with the Central Powers (period: World War I) | 1 | |
| 4370067507 | Schlieffen Plan | created by General Count Alfred von Schlieffen in December 1905; operational plan for a designated attack on France once Russia had started to mobilize her forces near the German border; execution of the plan led to Britain declaring war on Germany on August 4th, 1914 (period: World War I) | 2 | |
| 4370067508 | isolationism | a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups; american (1930s): combination of Great Depression and tragic losses in WWI contributed to the American public opinion and policy toward isolationism: non-involvement in European and Asian conflicts (period: World War II) | 3 | |
| 4370069631 | Zimmerman telegram (Zimmermann Note) | an internal diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January, 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of the US entering WWI against Germany; British deciphered the note (period: World War I) | 4 | |
| 4370069632 | Fourteen Points | a statement of principles for world peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end WWI. The principles were outlined in a Jan 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the US Congress by Pr. Woodrow Wilson (period: World War I) | 5 | |
| 4370069633 | League of Nations | An intergovernmental organization founded on Jan 10, 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended WWI. It was the first international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace; collective security (period: World War I) | 6 | |
| 4370071693 | April Theses | series of ten directives issued by the Bolshevik leader, Vladimir Lenin upon his return to Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland via Germany and Finland; slogan: "All power to the soviets", called for new communist policies (period: | 7 | |
| 4370071694 | Red Army | army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic after 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); established immediately after 1917 Oct. Revolution; credited as being the decisive land force in the Allied victory in WWII. (period: | 8 | |
| 4370071695 | New Economic Policy (NEP) | economic policy of Soviet Russia proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who called it "state capitalism"; a more capitalism-oriented economic policy, deemed necessary after the Russian Civil War of 1917 to 1922, to foster the economy of the country, which was almost ruined | 9 | |
| 4370073652 | Five Year Plans | of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals, created by General Secretary Joseph Stalin and based on his policy of Socialism in One Country. It was implemented between 1928 and 1932 | 10 | |
| 4370073653 | collectivization | a policy of forced consolidation of individual peasant households into collective farms called "kolkhozes" as carried out by the Soviet gov't in the late 1920s - early 1930s | 11 | |
| 4370073654 | Great Depression | (1929-39) was the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the US, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of Oct. 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors | 12 | |
| 4370073655 | fascism | is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in early 20th century Europe, influenced by national syndicalism. Fascism originated in Italy during WWI and spread to other European countries. Opposes liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism. | 13 | |
| 4370075188 | totalitarianism | a political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible; first developed in the 1920s by the Weimar German jurist, and later Carl Schmitt and Italian fascists | 14 | |
| 4370075189 | Black Shirts | MVSN or squadristi; originally the paramilitary wing of the National Fascist Party and, after 1923, an all-volunteer militia of the Kingdom of Italy; used violence and intimidation; in 1943, MVSN was integrated into the Italian armed forces | 15 | |
| 4370075190 | Reichstag | (Diet of the Realm, Imperial Diet) Parliament of Germany from 1871 to 1918. Legislation was shared between the Reichstag and the Bundesrat (Imperial Council of the reigning princes of the German States) | 16 | |
| 4370077070 | nationalism | a shared group feeling in the significance of a geographical and demographic region seeking independence for its culture and/or ethnicity that holds that group together; national identity | 17 | |
| 4370077071 | appeasement | a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power in order to avoid conflict; term most often applied to the foreign policy of the British Prime Ministers Ramsey Macdonald, Stanley Baldwin, and Neville Chamberlain towards Nazi Germany between 1935 and 1939; Munich Pact (Sept. 30, 1938) | 18 | |
| 4370077072 | Manhattan Project | a research and development project that produced the first nuclear weapons during WWII; led by US with support of the UK and Canada; From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the US Army Corps of Engineers; physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was the director the LOS Alamos National Laboratory that designed the actual bombs. | 19 | |
| 4370079082 | the Holocaust | "Shoah"; genocide in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about 6 million Jews. Other victims of Nazi crimes included Poles, Soviet citizens, and Soviet POWs, other Slavs, Romanis, communists, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and the mentally and physically disabled. | 20 | |
| 4370079083 | genocide | intentional action to systematically eliminate an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group | 21 | |
| 4370079084 | Marshall Plan | European Recovery Program (ERP), an American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the US gave $13 billion in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of WWiI. | 22 | |
| 4370079085 | Cold War | a state of political and military tension after WWII between powers in the Western Bloc (the US, NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (Soviet Union and its allies in the Warsaw Pact) | 23 | |
| 4370079086 | Spheres of Influence | (SOI) a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the borders of the state that controls it | 24 | |
| 4370080954 | Soviet bloc | "Eastern Bloc" name used by countries affiliated with the former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact | 25 | |
| 4370080955 | Western bloc | "Capitalist Bloc" during the Cold War refers to the countries allied with the US and NATO against the Soviet Union and its allies | 26 | |
| 4370080956 | NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; North Atlantic Alliance, an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on April 4,1949 | 27 | |
| 4370080957 | Iron Curtain | formed the imaginary boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of WWII in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991; term symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West and non-Soviet-controlled areas; on thee east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union. | 28 | |
| 4370083661 | Three Principles of the People | San-Min Doctrine, Tridemism; a political philosophy developed by Sun Yat-sen as part of a philosophy to make China free, propserous, and powerful nation; summarized as nationalism, democracy, and livelihood of the people | 29 | |
| 4370083662 | Westernization | societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, clothing, language, alphabet, religion, philosophy, values | 30 | |
| 4370083663 | guerrilla warfare | form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight al arguer and less mobile traditional military | 31 | |
| 4370083664 | Platt Amendment | On March 2, 1901, the Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill; stipulated 7 conditions for the withdrawal of US troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War, and; defined the terms of Cuban-US relations to essentially be an unequal one of US dominance over Cuba | 32 | |
| 4370086254 | "Good Neighbor" | foreign policy of the administration of US President Franklin Roosevelt towards Latin America; main principle was that of non-invrvention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America; Roosevelt administration expected the new policy to create new economic opportunities in the form of reciprocal trade agreements and reassert the influence of the US in Latin America; however, many Latin America gov'ts were not convinced | 33 | |
| 4370086255 | export economy | trading nation (aka trade-dependent economy) a country where international trade makes up a large percentage of its economy | 34 | |
| 4370086256 | glasnost | "publicity" state of being open to public knowledge; associated with reforms of the judicial system, ensuring that the press and public could attend court hearings and that the sentence was read in public; revived and made popular again in the 1980s by Mikhail Gorbachev as a slogan for increased gov't transparency | 35 | |
| 4370086257 | perestroika | a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s, widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (openness) policy reform | 36 | |
| 4370087898 | ethnic cleansing | systematic forced removal of ethnic or religious groups from a given territory by a more powerful ethnic group, with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous | 37 | |
| 4370087899 | passive resistance | nonviolent resistance, practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods without using violence (ex. Mahatma Gandhi) | 38 | |
| 4370087900 | NGOs | non governmental organization, organization that is neither a part of a gov't nor a convention for-profit business; may be funded by gov't, foundation, schools, businesses, or private people | 39 | |
| 4370087901 | apartheid | word meaning "separateness"; "state of being apart" a system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the National Party, the governing party form 1948-1994); rights, associations, and movements of the majority of black inhabitants and other ethnic groups were curtailed, white minority rule; developed after WWII by the National Party and Broederbond organizations | 40 | |
| 4370089407 | pogroms | a violent riot aimed at massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group, particularly one aimed at Jews | 41 | |
| 4370089408 | OPEC | Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; intergovernmental organization of 13 nations, founded in 1960 by the first five members, and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria. | 42 | |
| 4370089409 | special economic zones | (SEZ) commonly used as a generic term to refer to only modern economic zone. In these zones business and trades laws differ from the rest of the country. | 43 | |
| 4370092138 | Archduke Franz Ferdinand | (Dec. 18, 1863- June 28, 1914) an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian, and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia and, from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne; assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia | 44 | |
| 4370092139 | Gavrilo Princip | Bosnian who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie ,Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. | 45 | |
| 4370094178 | Treaty of Versailles (1919) | one of the peace treaties at the end of WWI; ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers; signed on June 28, 1919. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on Oct. 21, 1919 | 46 | |
| 4370094179 | Russian Revolution | collective term for a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the eventual rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II, and the old regime was replaced by a provisional gov't during the first revolution of Feb. 1917. In the second revolution that Oct, the Provisional Gov't was removed and replaced with a Bolshevik (Communist) gov't | 47 | |
| 4370094180 | Czar Nicholas II (Nicholas the Bloody) | last tsar of Russia, ruling from Nov 1, 1894 until his forced abdication on March 15, 1917. His reign saw the fall of Imperial Russia from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. | 48 | |
| 4370096578 | Alexander Kerensky | (May 4, 1881-June 11, 1970), Russian lawyer and politician who served as the second Minister-Chairman of the Russian Provisional Gov't between July and Nov. 1917. Leader of the moderate-socialist Trudoviks faction of the Socialist Revolutionary Party; key political figure in the Russian Revolution of 1917. Gov't was overthrown by Vladimir Lenin (on Nov. 7) in the October Revolution. | 49 | |
| 4370096579 | Bolsheviks | a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903. The RSDLP was a revolutionary socialist political party formed in 1898 in Minsk to unite the various revolutionary organizations of the Russian Empire into one party | 50 | |
| 4370096580 | Vladimir Lenin | (April 22, 1870- Jan 21, 1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary, political, and political theorist. He served as head of gov't of the Russian Republic from 1917 to 1918, of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1918-1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922-1924. Under his administration, Russia and the Soviet Union became a one-party communist state. Political theories= Leninism. | 51 | |
| 4370096581 | Treaty of Brest- Litovsk | a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918 between the new Bolshevik gov't of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers that ended Russia' participation in WWI. | 52 | |
| 4370098112 | Soviet Union | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, a socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed between 1922 and 1991. A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. One party state governed by the Communist Party; Moscow= capital | 53 | |
| 4370098113 | Leon Trotsky | (Nov 7,1879-August 21, 1940) a Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politican, and the founding leader of the Red Army | 54 | |
| 4370098114 | Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal) | (May 19, 1881- Nov 10, 1938) a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, first president of Turkey, credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey; military officer during WWI | 55 | |
| 4370098115 | Joseph Stalin | (Dec. 18, 1878- March 5,1953) was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Holding the post of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was effectively the dictator of the state | 56 | |
| 4370099809 | Franklin Roosevelt | (Jan 30, 1882- April 12, 1945) FDR, an American statesman and political leader who served as the President of the US from 1933 to 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and dominated his party for many years as a central figure in world events during the mid-20 century, leading the US during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war; program for relief: New Deal | 57 | |
| 4370099810 | Benito Mussolini | (July 29, 1883- April 28, 1945) an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 until he was ousted in 1943; ruled constitutionally until 1925, when dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a legal dictatorship | 58 | |
| 4370101936 | Weimar Republic | an unofficial designation for German state between 1919 and 1933. Name derives from the city of Weimar where its constitutional assembly first took plate. Official name of state: German Reich; semi-presidential representative democracy and emerged in the aftermath of the German Revolution of 1918-19 | 59 | |
| 4370103610 | National Socialist Party (Nazis) | a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that practices Nazism. Its predecessor the German Workers' Party, existed from 1919 to 1920; (Nazi Germany= Third Reich) | 60 | |
| 4370103611 | Adolf Hitler | (April 20, 1889- April 30 1945); was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. Dictator of Nazi Germany, initiated WWII in Europe with the invasion of Poland in Sept 1939; central figure of the Holocaust | 61 | |
| 4370103613 | Francisco Franco | (Dec. 4, 1892- Nov. 20, 1975), a Spanish general and the Caudillo of Spain from 1939 until his | 62 | |
| 4370103655 | Rhineland | loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine River | 63 | |
| 4370106736 | Munich Conference (1938) | settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation "Sudetenland" was coined. | 64 | |
| 4370106737 | Neville Chamberlain | 65 | ||
| 4370106738 | Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) | 66 | ||
| 4370108436 | Manchukuo | 67 | ||
| 4370108437 | Anti-Comintern Pact | 68 | ||
| 4370108438 | Winston Churchill | 69 | ||
| 4370110082 | Battle of Britain | 70 | ||
| 4370110083 | Tripartite Pact | 71 | ||
| 4370110084 | Pearl Harbor | 72 | ||
| 4370110085 | D-Day | 73 | ||
| 4370111778 | Harry Truman | 74 | ||
| 4370111779 | Hiroshima and Nagasaki | 75 | ||
| 4370111813 | Berlin Blockade | 76 | ||
| 4370113792 | Berlin Airlift | 77 | ||
| 4370113793 | Yalta and Potsdam | 78 | ||
| 4370115713 | Warsaw Pact | 79 | ||
| 4370118626 | Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (1968) | 80 | ||
| 4370118627 | International Atomic Energy Agency (1957) | 81 | ||
| 4370120192 | Chiang Kai-shek | 82 | ||
| 4370120193 | Mao Zedong | 83 | ||
| 4370122245 | People's Republic of China | 84 | ||
| 4370122246 | Cultural Revolution | 85 | ||
| 4370125383 | Tiananmen Square massacre | 86 | ||
| 4370125384 | Ho Chi Minh | 87 | ||
| 4370125385 | Ngo Dihn Diem | 88 | ||
| 4370127121 | Fidel Castro | 89 | ||
| 4370127122 | Cuban Revolution | 90 | ||
| 4370127123 | Bay of Pigs Invasion | 91 | ||
| 4370129783 | Cuban Missile Crisis | 92 | ||
| 4370129784 | National Action Party (PAN) | 93 | ||
| 4370129785 | Mikhail Gorbachev | 94 | ||
| 4370131716 | Boris Yeltsin | 95 | ||
| 4370131717 | Muslim League | 96 | ||
| 4370131718 | Amritsar massacre | 97 | ||
| 4370131719 | Gandhi | 98 | ||
| 4370133282 | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | 99 | ||
| 4370133283 | Gamal Nasser | 100 | ||
| 4370133284 | Tutsi and Hutu | 101 | ||
| 4370133285 | Nelson Mandela | 102 | ||
| 4370134953 | Sharpeville massacre | 103 | ||
| 4370134954 | Zionists | 104 | ||
| 4370136681 | Declaration of 1917 | 105 | ||
| 4370136682 | Arab- Israeli War (1948) | 106 | ||
| 4370139093 | Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) | 107 | ||
| 4370139094 | Yassir Arafat | 108 | ||
| 4370139095 | Ariel Sharon | 109 | ||
| 4370139096 | Iranian Revolution | 110 | ||
| 4370141090 | Ayatollah Khomeini | 111 | ||
| 4370141091 | Iran-Iraq War | 112 | ||
| 4370141092 | Persian Gulf War | 113 | ||
| 4370141093 | Saddam Hussein | 114 | ||
| 4370143148 | North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | 115 | ||
| 4370145426 | Group of Six (G6) | 116 | ||
| 4370147881 | Estates-General | 117 | ||
| 4370147882 | National Assembly | 118 | ||
| 4370149557 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | 119 | ||
| 4370149558 | Jacobins | 120 | ||
| 4370149559 | Napoleonic Code | 121 | ||
| 4370149560 | balance of power | 122 | ||
| 4370149561 | enclosure | 123 | ||
| 4370151825 | urbanization | 124 | ||
| 4370151826 | domestic system | 125 | ||
| 4370151827 | flying shuttle | 126 | ||
| 4370151828 | spinning jenny | 127 | ||
| 4370151829 | cotton gin | 128 | ||
| 4370153645 | steam engine | 129 | ||
| 4370153646 | interchangeable parts | 130 | ||
| 4370153647 | assembly line | 131 | ||
| 4370153648 | free market system (capitalism) | 132 | ||
| 4370155985 | laissez-faire capitalism | 133 | ||
| 4370155986 | socialism | 134 | ||
| 4370155987 | communism | 135 | ||
| 4370155988 | labor unions | 136 | ||
| 4370157354 | social mobility | 137 | ||
| 4370157355 | social Darwinism | 138 | ||
| 4370157356 | "white man's burden" | 139 | ||
| 4370159672 | British East India Company | 140 | ||
| 4370159673 | unequal treaties | 141 | ||
| 4370159674 | spheres of influence | 142 | ||
| 4370159718 | Open Door Policy | 143 | ||
| 4370161868 | Boxers | 144 | ||
| 4370161869 | Russification | 145 | ||
| 4370164346 | French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) | 146 | ||
| 4370164347 | Thomas Paine | 147 | ||
| 4370164348 | Maximilien Robespierre | 148 | ||
| 4370166464 | Napoleon Bonaparte | 149 | ||
| 4370166465 | Waterloo | 150 | ||
| 4370166466 | Congress of Vienna | 151 | ||
| 4370168479 | Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture | 152 | ||
| 4370168480 | Simon Bolivar | 153 | ||
| 4370168481 | Miguel Hidalgo | 154 | ||
| 4370168482 | Treaty of Cordoba | 155 | ||
| 4370171541 | Eli Whitney | 156 | ||
| 4370171542 | Charles Darwin | 157 | ||
| 4370171543 | Adam Smith | 158 | ||
| 4370171544 | Karl Marx | 159 | ||
| 4370171592 | Luddites | 160 | ||
| 4370174768 | Opium War | 161 | ||
| 4370174769 | Treaty of Nanjing | 162 | ||
| 4370174770 | White Lotus Rebellions | 163 | ||
| 4370176603 | Taiping Rebellions | 164 | ||
| 4370176604 | Self-Strengthening Movement | 165 | ||
| 4370176605 | Sino-Japanese War | 166 | ||
| 4370179894 | Chinese Exclusion Act | 167 | ||
| 4370179895 | Commodore Matthew Perry | 168 | ||
| 4370179896 | Meiji Restoration | 169 | ||
| 4370182013 | Boer War | 170 | ||
| 4370182014 | Muhammad Ali | 171 | ||
| 4370182015 | Suez Canal | 172 | ||
| 4370182016 | Victor Emmanuel II | 173 | ||
| 4370184103 | William I, William II | 174 | ||
| 4370184104 | Otto von Bismarck | 175 | ||
| 4370184105 | Franco-Prussian War | 176 | ||
| 4370186336 | Emancipation Edict | 177 | ||
| 4370186337 | Monroe Doctrine | 178 | ||
| 4370186338 | Roosevelt Corollary | 179 | ||
| 4370188310 | Panama Canal | 180 | ||
| 4370190260 | Spanish-American War | 181 |
