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| 2913216521 | Mungo Man | The remains of a male found near Lake Mungo, Australia. 40,000 B.C.E. | 0 | |
| 2913222042 | Ocher | Reddish-brown iron based pigment that ancient peoples used to color the soil and decorate cave walls | 1 | |
| 2913231877 | Homo Sapiens Sapiens | Biological term for modern human beings belonging to the genus Homo, Species Sapiens and Sub-Species Sapiens. | 2 | |
| 2913238713 | Hominins | Term referring to all humans and their ancestors but not to chimpanzees, gorillas, or Orangutans. | 3 | |
| 2913246932 | Evolution | Model proposed by Charles Darwin to explain the development of a new species through genetic mutation and natural selection | 4 | |
| 2932921820 | MItochondrial Eve | The final female ancestor shared by all living humans, who was identified by analysis of mitochondrial D.N.A. | 5 | |
| 2932926532 | Religion | Belief system that holds that divine powers control the environment and peoples future | 6 | |
| 2932929626 | Neanderthals | Group of Pre-modern humans who lived between 100,000 and 25,000 B.C.E. in Western Asia and Europe, eventually replaced by Homo Sapiens Sapiens | 7 | |
| 2932933339 | Beringia | Land mass now submerged below waters that connected the top of Siberia with the northwestern corner of Alsaka | 8 | |
| 2932937175 | Stratigraphy | Archaeological principle that at an undisturbed site, material from upper layers must be more recent than that from lower layers | 9 | |
| 2932940345 | Carbon-14 | Isotope of Carbon whose presence in organic material can be used to determine the approximate age of archaeological samples | 10 | |
| 2932945624 | Clovis Technological Complex | The characteristic stone spears that were in use around 11,000 B.C.E. across much of modern day America | 11 | |
| 2932948590 | Agriculture | The planting of seeds and harvestry of crops using domesticated animals | 12 | |
| 2932952532 | Neolithic | "New Stone Age" the archaeological term for societies that used stone tools and practiced agriculture. | 13 | |
| 2932957068 | Catalhoyuk | The worlds largest early settlement, with a population of 5,000 in 6,000 B.C.E., located in modern day Turkey | 14 | |
| 2932964557 | Mesopotamia | Greek for "between the rivers", the region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in today's Iraq and eastern Syria | 15 | |
| 2932967651 | Gilgamesh | Name of a historic king of Uruk (modern-day Warka, Iraq) who ruled between 2,700 and 2,500 B.C.E (Also the name of an epic about him) | 16 | |
| 2932974365 | Complex Society | Society characterized by a large urban center with specialized labor and social stratification, as well as the belief that rulers and deities were entitled to the surpluses that the society produced | 17 | |
| 2932978338 | City-State | A city whose ruler governs both the city center and the surrounding countryside | 18 | |
| 2932980553 | Bronze | An alloy of copper and tin used to make the earliest metal tools | 19 | |
| 2932981850 | Wheel | An important innovation in transport dating 3,500 B.C.E. | 20 | |
| 2932983619 | Sumer | A geographical term for Akkadian meaning the ancient region of southern Mesopotamia | 21 | |
| 2932987902 | Cunelform | The term, meaning "wedge shaped" for the writing system of Sumer in its late stage, when the script became completely phonetic | 22 | |
| 2932993919 | Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279) | The first ruler to unify Mesopotamia. Changed the language of administration to Akkadian | 23 | |
| 2932996354 | Empire | A large territory in which one people rule over other subject peoples with different languages and different religious traditions | 24 | |
| 2932999767 | Pharoah | The god-king who ruled the unified kingdom of Egypt from at least 3,000 B.C.E. | 25 | |
| 2933001745 | Nubia | Region south of the first cataract on the Nile, in modern day Egypt and Sudan; was an important trading partner to Egypt | 26 | |
| 2933005413 | Hieroglyphs | The writing system of ancient Egypt, which consisted of different symbols, some pictorial, and some phonetic; used on official inscriptions | 27 | |
| 2933010037 | Papyrus | A convenient but perishable writing material made from a reed that grew naturally along the Nile | 28 | |
| 2933013474 | Hittites | A people based in Anatolia, Turkey and Syria, who spoke the Indo-European language of Hittite and learned to work iron around 2,000 B.C.E. The Hittite empire reached its greatest extent between 1,322 and 1,220 B.C.E. and ended around 1,200 B.C.E. | 29 | |
| 2933020617 | Iron | A material used to make farm tools and weapons; iron smelting was an important technology because iron implements were much more durable than those made of bronze | 30 | |
| 2933024354 | Monotheism | Belief in only one god | 31 | |
| 2933025126 | Jew | A term (derived from Hebrew) that originally meant a member of the nation of Judah and later came to refer to Hebrews | 32 | |
| 2951807075 | Ashoka | (r. 268-232 B.C.E.) The third king of the Mauryan dynasty (ca. 320185 B.C.E.), the first Indian ruler to support Buddhism. | 33 | |
| 2951809867 | Dliarma | A Sanskrit term meaning correct conduct according to law or custom; Buddhists, including Ashoka, used this concept to refer to the teachings of the Buddha. | 34 | |
| 2951811688 | Monsoon | A term referring both to seasonal winds in South Asia blowing northeast in spring and early summer and southwest in fall and winter, and to the heavy seasonal rains they bring. | 35 | |
| 2951813493 | Indus River Valley | Site of the earliest complex society on the Indian subcontinent (2600-1700 B.C.E.), characterized by brick cities, drainage systems, open plazas, and broad avenues. | 36 | |
| 2951828884 | Sanskrit | A language, such as Latin, Greek, and English, belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken by Indo-Aryan migrants to north India around 1500-1000 B.C.E. | 37 | |
| 2951830518 | Rig Veda | A collection of 1,028 Sanskrit hymns, composed around 15001000 B.C.E. but written down around 1000 C.E. One of the most revealing sources about Indo-Europeans who settled in north India. | 38 | |
| 2951832105 | Verdic Religion | Religious belief system of Indo-European migrants to north India; involved animal sacrifice and elaborate ceremonies to ensure that all transitions in the natural world—day to night, or one season to the next—proceeded smoothly. | 39 | |
| 2951833692 | Nomads | A term for people who migrate seasonally from place to place to find grass for their animals. They do not usually farm but tend their herds full-time. | 40 | |
| 2951833693 | Varna | From the Sanskrit word for "color": the four major social groups of ancient Indian society, ranked in order of purity (not wealth or power): Brahmin priests at the top, then warriors, then farmers and merchants, and finally dependent laborers. | 41 | |
| 2951835010 | Jati | A term, sometimes translated as "sub-caste," for groups of five thousand to fifteen thousand people in modern India. Many, but not all, Indians marry someone from the same jati and share meals on equal footing only with people of the same jati. | 42 | |
| 2951839076 | Karma | The sum of one's deeds in this and all earlier existences that determines one's rebirth in the next life. | 43 | |
| 2951840904 | Jainism | An Indian religion founded around the same time as Buddhism that emphasizes right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct: a key tenet is not to harm any living beings. | 44 | |
| 2951842462 | Buddha | The founder of the Buddhist religion, Siddhartha Gautama (ca. 600-400 B.C.E.); also called the Buddha, or the enlightened one. | 45 | |
| 2951843578 | NIrvana | A Sanskrit word that literally means "extinction," as when the flame on a candle goes out. In Buddhism the term took on broader meaning: those who followed the Eightfold Path and understood the Four Noble Truths would gain true understanding. | 46 | |
| 2951846038 | Mauryan dynasty | (ca. 320-185 B.C.E.) A dynasty that unified much of the Indian subcontinent. Relying on trunk roads, it exercised more control in the cities than in the countryside. | 47 | |
| 2951847788 | Chakravartin | Literally "turner of the wheel," a Buddhist term for the ideal ruler who patronized Buddhism but never became a monk. | 48 | |
| 2951849803 | Ceremonial State | State whose ruler sponsored religious observances and construction of religious edifices in the hope that his subjects would willingly acknowledge him as ruler. Usually contrasted with rulers who depended on sheer force to govern. | 49 | |
| 2951852412 | Lay Buddhist | A Buddhist devotee who observes the five precepts not to kill, steal, commit adultery, lie, or drink alcohol, but continues to live at home and does not join the Buddhist order. | 50 | |
| 2951853816 | Dhows | Small sailboats used in the Indian Ocean made from teak planks laid edge to edge, fastened together with coconut fiber twine, and caulked to prevent leaking. | 51 |
