Terms : Hide Images
| 90986673 | Bronze Age | between stone and iron ages | 0 | |
| 90986675 | Kush | an African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c.1000 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries | 1 | |
| 90986677 | Shang Dynasty | Chinese dynasty, bronze work, ancestor worship & oracle bones | 2 | |
| 90986679 | Ideographic writing | Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing. | 3 | |
| 90986681 | Pastoral societies | domesticate and heard animals as their primary source of food. Scorn land boundaries b/c they're constantly on the move. | 4 | |
| 90986683 | Zhou Dynasty | displaced Shang Dynasty; alliances with regional princes and families (feudal system); overtook Yangtze River Valley (Middle Kingdom); invoked the "Mandate of Heaven"; Mandarin Chinese language; Confucious (philosopher) | 5 | |
| 90986685 | Wudi | chineese empire from 140-86 b.c; brought the han dynasty to its peak; expanded the chinese empire; made confusionism the state religion | 6 | |
| 90986687 | Han Dynasty | imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization | 7 | |
| 90986689 | Qin Dynasty | the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall | 8 | |
| 90986691 | Mandarins | bureaucrats (Chinese) | 9 | |
| 90986693 | Aryans | People from the Indo-European steppes, with farily lighter skin, who later moved down into India, and began the caste system in India. Vedas were their sacred texts. The caste system was based on varna, or skin color. | 10 | |
| 90986695 | Mahabharata | A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. | 11 | |
| 90986697 | Varna | "color" 4 classes: Brahmin, the group compromising priests and scholars; Ksatriya, warriors and officials; Vaishya, merchants, artisans, and landowners; or Shudra, peasants and laborer It came to be connected with the widespread belief of reincarnation | 12 | |
| 90986699 | Indra | chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior God of thunder and strength | 13 | |
| 90986701 | Kushans | dynasty that succeeded Mauryan; sponsored Buddhism | 14 | |
| 90986703 | Dharma | in Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste | 15 | |
| 90986705 | brahma | god of creation | 16 | |
| 90986707 | shiva | the Destroyer | 17 | |
| 90986709 | vishnu | the preserver | 18 | |
| 90986711 | guru | a Hindu or Buddhist religious leader and spiritual teacher | 19 | |
| 90986713 | Zoroastrianism | dual gods of equal power to form early monotheism; Persian; cosmic struggle over good and bad; those that do good go to heaven and bad go to hell; influenced Judaism and Christianity | 20 | |
| 90986715 | Persian Wars | conflicts between Greece and Persia | 21 | |
| 90986717 | Peloponnesian Wars | Series of wars between Athens and Sparta | 22 | |
| 90986718 | Philip II | king of Macedonia who established dominance over most of Greece, father of Alexander the Great | 23 | |
| 90986720 | Alexander the Great | son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world | 24 | |
| 90986722 | Sophocles | Greek writer of drama and tragedy | 25 | |
| 90986723 | Doric, Ionic, Corinthian | Three most popular columns in greece | 26 | |
| 90986724 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 27 | |
| 90986726 | Cicero | Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers | 28 | |
| 90986728 | Axum and Ethiopia | Axum defeated Kush around 300 B.C.E. Ethiopia in turn defeated Axum. Both African kingdoms had active contacts with the eastern Mediterranean world until after Rome's fall. Became Christian. | 29 | |
| 90986730 | Sui Dynasty | The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China | 30 | |
| 90986732 | Tang Dynasty | Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. Confucian ruler. Maintained empire through a system of roads with horses, human runners, inns, postal stations, and stables. Equitable distribution of agricultural land kept land out of the hands of wealthy elite. Government jobs in extensive bureaucracy were merit based, determined through a series of civil service examination. Military conquests included Manchuria, Tibet, Korea and the northern part of Vietnam | 31 | |
| 90986734 | Rajput | Regional princes in India following collapse of empire; emphasized military control of their regions | 32 | |
| 90986736 | Augustine | Influential church father and theologian; born in Africa and ultimately Bishop of Hippo in Africa; champion of Christian doctrine against carious heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination. (Roman Catholic Church) one of the great fathers of the early Christian church. after a dramatic conversion to Christianity he became Bishop of Hippo Regius in North Africa; St. Augustine emphasized man's need for grace. | 33 | |
| 90986738 | Coptic Christianity | Largest branch of African Christianity, centered in Egypt | 34 | |
| 90986740 | Paul | a religious leader who preached to gentiles as well as jews and helped to establish and strengthen the christian religon | 35 | |
| 90986741 | Benedict | founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; known for establishing Benedictine Rule; paralleled development of Basil's rules in the Byzantine Empire | 36 | |
| 90986742 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. | 37 | |
| 90986743 | Shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children | 38 | |
| 90986744 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam, first dynasty of ruling caliphs, capital at Damascus | 39 | |
| 90986745 | Quraysh | tribe of bedouins that controlled mecca - umayyad | 40 | |
| 90986746 | umma | the Muslim community or people, | 41 | |
| 90986747 | Abu Bakr | Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death. | 42 | |
| 90986748 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 43 | |
| 90986749 | Jihad | a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal | 44 | |
| 90986750 | Copts | Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule. | 45 | |
| 90986751 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions | 46 | |
| 90986752 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 47 | |
| 90986753 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 48 | |
| 90986754 | Mu'awiya | Founded the Ummayad Dynasty | 49 | |
| 90986755 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate | 50 | |
| 90986756 | Damascus | capital of Umayyad, political center of the Umayyad community after the death of Uthman; caliphs there strove to build a bureaucracy that would bind together the vast domains they ruled | 51 | |
| 90986757 | Mawali | non-arab converts to islam | 52 | |
| 90986758 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad | 53 | |
| 90986759 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; victories against Umayyad communities led to the conquest of Syria and the capture of the Umayyad capital | 54 | |
| 90986760 | Battle of the River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 55 | |
| 90986761 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | 56 | |
| 90986762 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire | 57 | |
| 90986763 | Ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 58 | |
| 90986764 | Hijra | The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam | 59 | |
| 90986765 | Al-Mahdi | 3rd abbasid caliph? | 60 | |
| 90986766 | Harun al-Rashid | most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights | 61 | |
| 90986767 | Buyids | Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads | 62 | |
| 90986768 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly | 63 | |
| 90986769 | Saladin | The leader of the Muslims in the third crusade and captured Jerusalem in 1187. | 64 | |
| 90986770 | Ibn Khaldun | Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (336) | 65 | |
| 90986771 | Rubaiyat | Epic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine | 66 | |
| 90986772 | Shah-Nama | "Book of Kings". Persian literary work written by the poet Firdawsi | 67 | |
| 90986773 | Ulama | the body of mullahs (Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law) who are the interpreters of Islam's sciences and doctrines and laws and the chief guarantors of continuity in the spiritual and intellectual history of the Islamic community | 68 | |
| 90986774 | al-Ghazali | islamic theologian who struggled to fuse greek and quranic traditions | 69 | |
| 90986775 | Sufis | a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life | 70 | |
| 90986776 | Mongols | A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325) | 71 | |
| 90986777 | Chinggis Khan | a mongol who united mongol and turkish tribes, began campaign west, using fear as a tactic | 72 | |
| 90986778 | Hulegu | Khubilai's brother who conquered the Abbasid dynasty and established the Ilkhanate of Persia. Captured the Abbasid capital of Baghdad after besieging it in 1258. Attempted to capture Syria but was expelled by Egyptian Muslims, who stopped Muslim expansion to the southwest | 73 | |
| 90986779 | Mamluks | Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria. (236) | 74 | |
| 90986780 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire | 75 | |
| 90986781 | Mahmud of Ghazni | Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression. | 76 | |
| 90986782 | Muhammad of Ghur | military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of N India; brought much of Indus Valley, Sind, and India under his control | 77 | |
| 90986783 | Qutb-ud-din Aibak | slave dynasty, Delhi, blah blah | 78 | |
| 90986784 | Bhaktic Cults | Response to Islam; Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva | 79 | |
| 90986785 | Mira Bai | Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women | 80 | |
| 90986786 | Kabir | Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam | 81 | |
| 90986787 | Shrivijaya | Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion. | 82 | |
| 90986788 | Malacca | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387), Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka., a fortified tradetown located on the top of the Malayan peninsula, it is a center for trade. Malacca is significant because it helped spread Islam through south east asia and it's lands, Portuguese factory or fortifies trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade amoung the southeastern Asian islands | 83 | |
| 90986789 | Demak | most powerful trading state on north coast of java; converted to islam and served as point of dissemination to other parts of asia | 84 | |
| 90986790 | Sudanic States | kingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power, from the Senegal river to the Niger River. The states were ruled by a patriarch or council of elders. There was a core territorial area and then surrounding subordinate ones. The rulers of sudanic states were considered sacred and separate from their subjects. when islam spread to this area, only Royals practiced it and it was not spread to the people. | 85 | |
| 90986791 | Sundiata | the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes | 86 | |
| 90986792 | Griots | storytellers | 87 | |
| 90986793 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373) | 88 | |
| 90986794 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali | 89 | |
| 90986795 | Muhammad the Great | Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century | 90 | |
| 90986796 | Hausa | Muslim influenced from N, located on niger river, organized into city states, never untied, were farmers, traded a lot of cotton, crops, cold, salt. | 91 | |
| 90986797 | Sharia | Islamic Law | 92 | |
| 90986798 | Zenj | Arabic term for the east African coast | 93 | |
| 90986799 | Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Zanzibar, Sofala | swahili coast | 94 | |
| 90986800 | nok | West Africa's earliest known culture; lived in what is now Nigeria; between 500 B.C. and A.D. 200; first people known to smelt iron; fashioned iron into tools for farming and weapons for hunting | 95 | |
| 90986801 | yoruba | city-states that developed in northern Nigeria; Ile-Ife had an artistic style similar to that of the Nok culture. ag society supported by peasantry; dominated by an aristocracy, bronze | 96 | |
| 90986802 | Ile-Ife | bronzes and ivory | 97 | |
| 90986803 | Benin | In forest of niger delta, rulers called oba (also descents of Ife), major trade center, had sculptures, ivory furs, died out because of slave trade. | 98 | |
| 90986804 | Kongo | Portuguese traded textiles, weapons, and advisors for their gold, silver, ivory, and slaves | 99 | |
| 90986805 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385) | 100 | |
| 90986806 | Belisarius | Justinian's top general who reconquered much of Africa | 101 | |
| 90986807 | Battle of Manzikert | (1071) byzantines challenged the turks, and the turkish victory allowed them to take over most of the anatolian peninsula | 102 | |
| 90986808 | Cyril and Methodius | Christian missionaries who tried to teach the Bible to Slavs in central and eastern Europe. and made an alphabet for them | 103 | |
| 90986809 | Rurik | Legendary Scandinavian regarded as founder of the first kingdom of Russia based in Kiev in 855 C.E. | 104 | |
| 90986810 | Vladimir I | Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity | 105 | |
| 90986811 | Boyars | Land owning aristocracy in early Russia. | 106 | |
| 90986812 | Tatars | Mongols who captured Russian cities and destroyed the Kievan state in 1236. However, they left the Russian Orthodox church and aristocracy intact. | 107 | |
| 90986813 | Serfs | a person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times | 108 | |
| 90986814 | Vassals | lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity | 109 | |
| 90986815 | Vikings | Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia | 110 | |
| 90986816 | Moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system. | 111 | |
| 90986817 | Three-Field System | system of agri, crop rotation in W Euro | 112 | |
| 90986818 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449) | 113 | |
| 90986819 | Feudalism | a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service | 114 | |
| 90986820 | Manorialism | An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production. | 115 | |
| 90986821 | Guilds | Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests | 116 | |
| 90986822 | Hangzhou | capital of S Song, urbanized | 117 | |
| 90986823 | Sui Dynasty | The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China | 118 | |
| 90986824 | Chang'an | Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time. | 119 | |
| 90986825 | Ministry of Rites | Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars | 120 | |
| 90986826 | Pure Land | a Buddhist sect in China and Japan that centers on faith in Amida Buddha, who promised to welcome believers to the paradise of the Pure Land, a metaphor for enlightenment | 121 | |
| 90986827 | Chan Buddhism / Zen Buddhism | Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society. | 122 | |
| 90986828 | Tang Taizong | second emperor of tang dynasty (627-649) worked to create a stable government; confucian ruler; ended banditry and kept taxes and rice prices low. maintained extensive communication networks, supported equal field system and bureaucracy of merit by examination system; RUled dynasty under a period of stability and prosperity. | 123 | |
| 90986829 | Tang Wuzong | also known as Li Yan, IDK | 124 | |
| 90986830 | Liao Dynasty | Founded in 907 by Nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; mantained independence from Song dynasty in China. | 125 | |
| 90986831 | Khitan | nomads from Manchuria who formed Liao Dynasty | 126 | |
| 90986832 | Zhu Xi | (1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action | 127 | |
| 90986833 | Tangut | Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of northwest china; one of the regional kingdoms during the period of Southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226. | 128 | |
| 90986834 | Xi Xia | Kingdom of the Tangut people, north of Song Kingdom, in the mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened chinese peasantry. | 129 | |
| 90986835 | Jurchens | Founders of Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south. | 130 | |
| 90986836 | Southern Song | where the Song rulers had to flee after the Jurchens, new capital at Hangzhou | 131 | |
| 90986837 | Grand Canal | Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long. | 132 | |
| 90986838 | Flying Money | Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency | 133 | |
| 90986839 | Li Bo | Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings. | 134 |
