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| 2526077452 | Augustine of Hippo (354-430 CE) | Influential church father and theologian; born in Africa and ultimately bishop of Hippo in Africa; important in long term development of Christian thought on issues as predestination | 0 | |
| 2526077453 | Black Death | Plague that struck Europe; reduced population and affected social structure | 1 | |
| 2526077454 | Charles Martel | Grandfather of Charlemagne; Frankish ruler of Austrasia who checked the Muslim invasion of Europe by defeating the Moors at Poitiers | 2 | |
| 2526077455 | Clovis | Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496 | 3 | |
| 2526077456 | Cluny | One of the cheif religious and cultural centers of Europe. The third abbey church built the site Cluny III, was designed in the mature Romanesque style | 4 | |
| 2526077457 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Husband and wife; monarchs of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage united Spain; Ferdinand reconquest of Granada, initiation of the exploration of the New World | 5 | |
| 2526077458 | Fourth Crusade | Originally intended to conquer Muslim controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, in April 1204, the Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and sacked the Orthodox Christian city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire | 6 | |
| 2526077459 | Holy Roman Empire | a Germanic empire located in central Europe; began with the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor and ended with the renunciation of the Roman imperial title by Francis II in 1806; form of a universal dominion whose spiritual head was the pope | 7 | |
| 2526077460 | Hundred Years War | Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and fuedal rights versus the emerging claims of national states | 8 | |
| 2526077461 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy | 9 | |
| 2526077462 | Manorialism | System that described economic and political relations between land lords and their peasant laborers | 10 | |
| 2526077463 | Middle Ages | The period in Western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century | 11 | |
| 2526077464 | Peter Abelard | French theologian, philosopher, and composer whose nominalist application of the principles of ancient Greek logic to the doctrines of the medieval Catholic Church led to charges of heresy; had a love affair with Héloise | 12 | |
| 2526077465 | Raoul de Cambrai | One of the most violent and illuminating of the twelfth-century epic poems of chivalry known as the chansons de geste | 13 | |
| 2526077466 | Scholasticism | Dominant medieval philosophical approach; based on use of logic in schools or universities | 14 | |
| 2526077467 | Thomas Aquinas | Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology; presented philosophical proofs of the existence of God | 15 | |
| 2526077468 | Three-field system | System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe | 16 | |
| 2526077469 | William the Conqueror | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs and centralized monarchy | 17 | |
| 2526077470 | Ibn-Rushd | Islamic philosophers; he set out to integrate Aristotelian philosophy with Islamic thought. | 18 | |
| 2526077471 | Feudalism | Nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants, or serfs, were to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, in exchange for military protection | 19 | |
| 2526077472 | Charlemagne | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch establish substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800 | 20 | |
| 2526077473 | Benedict of Nursia | Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire, established benedictine rule in the 6th century, paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire | 21 | |
| 2526077474 | Pope Gregory VII | Italian pope who fought to establish the supremacy of the pope over the Roman Catholic Church and the supremacy of the church over the state | 22 | |
| 2526077475 | Francis of Assisi | King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church | 23 | |
| 2526077476 | Crusades | Series of military adventures initially launched by Western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims, temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms, later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy | 24 | |
| 2526077477 | Pope Urban II | He is best known for starting the First Crusade (1096-1099) and setting up the modern-day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal court to help run the Church | 25 | |
| 2526077478 | First Crusade | Started as a pilgrimage (France and Germany) and ended as a military expedition by Roman Catholic Europe to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquests of the Levant, ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1099 | 26 | |
| 2526077479 | Parliaments | Bodies representing privileged groups, institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals, found in England, Spain, Germany, and France | 27 | |
| 2526077480 | Serfs | Peasant agricultural labors within the manorial system of the Middle Ages | 28 | |
| 2526077481 | Gothic | An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in Western Europe, featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 29 | |
| 2526077482 | Bernard of Clairvaux | Emphasize role of faith in preference to logic, stressed importance of mystical union with God, successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from universities | 30 | |
| 2526077483 | Geoffrey Chaucer | English poet, wrote the Canterbury Tales | 31 | |
| 2526077484 | Hanseatic League | An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 32 | |
| 2526077485 | Guilds -what they do -specialized work and trade | Sworn Association of people in the same business aircraft in a single city, stressed security and mutual control, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship, often established franchise within cities | 33 | |
| 2526077486 | Three estates | The three social groups considered most powerful in Western countries: church, nobles, and urban leaders | 34 | |
| 2526077487 | Investiture | Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 35 | |
| 2526077488 | Roger Bacon | English philosopher and who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods; sometimes credited as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by Aristotle and Arabic scholars such as the Muslim scientist Alhazen | 36 | |
| 2526077489 | Vassals- peasant | Members of the elite who received land or a benefice from a fuedal lord in return for military service and loyalty | 37 | |
| 2526077490 | Roman Catholic Church | The branch of Christianity governed by a hierarchy with the pope at the top and, at the lower levels, bishops and priests | 38 | |
| 2526077491 | Carolingians | Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century | 39 | |
| 2526077492 | Beowulf | An anonymous Old English epic poem believed to have been composed in the early eighth century, principally concerning the exploits of the warrior Beowulf and containing historical and legendary tales about the Geats, Danes, and other older Germanic peoples | 40 | |
| 2526077493 | Third Crusade | An attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin | 41 | |
| 2526077494 | Pope | Bishop of Rome; head of the Christian church in western Europe | 42 | |
| 2526077495 | Battle of Tours | European armies defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe | 43 | |
| 2526077496 | Moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the middle ages; a technological innovation of the medieval agriculture system | 44 | |
| 2526077497 | Vikings | Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden Denmark and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries | 45 | |
| 2526077498 | Song of Roland | An epic that talked of a chivalric knight named Roland, it revealed the popular image of Charlemagne in later centuries | 46 | |
| 2526077499 | Romanesque | Style of architecture | 47 | |
| 2526077500 | Chivalry | Medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, behavioral and social code | 48 | |
| 2526077501 | Romance of the Rose | ... | 49 | |
| 2526077502 | Franks | Member of a Germanic people that conquered Gaul in the 6th century and controlled much of western Europe for several centuries afterward | 50 | |
| 2526077503 | Christianity -effects -importance of the church | ... | 51 | |
| 2526077504 | Effect of the fall of Rome | ... | 52 | |
| 2526077505 | Feudalism -how towns work (3 field rotation system) -pyramid structure -manorialism | The three-field system is a regime of crop rotation in use in medieval and early-modernEurope from around the time of Charlemagne. Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of similar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons, but farmers were not allowed to choose their crop but had to farm what was being grown in that field. Under this system, the arable land of an estate or village was divided into three large fields: one was planted in the autumn with winter wheat or rye; the second field was planted with other crops such as peas, lentils, or beans; and the third was left fallow, in order to allow the soil of that field to regain its nutrients. With each rotation, the field would be used differently, so that a field would be planted for two out of the three years used, whilst one year it "rested". This allowed farmers to plant more crops and therefore to increase production. With more crops available to sell, this also helped the economy in general to thrive -Kings -lord -knight -peasant Manorialism- system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers | 53 | |
| 2526077506 | Who are the leaders of the Carolingians and Franks | Clovis and Charlemagne | 54 | |
| 2526077507 | Architecture | Romanesque Gothic | 55 | |
| 2526077508 | Magna carta | Rights and rules for a king *king John | 56 | |
| 2526077509 | Humanism | 1. Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought 2. An outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters | 57 |
