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| 5218997228 | Absolute Monarch | ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people. | 0 | |
| 5218997229 | Louis XIV | an absolute monarch that built up France's internal strength through finance and military, strengthened army and connected France through trades routes, catholic religion and the capital Versailles and foreign expansion during his reign | 1 | |
| 5218997230 | Adam Smith | Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should not interfere with economics. Advocates Laissez Faire and founder of "invisible hand". | 2 | |
| 5218997231 | Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women | 3 | |
| 5218997232 | Jean Calvin | French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America. | 4 | |
| 5218997233 | Anglican Church | Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death. | 5 | |
| 5218997234 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. | 6 | |
| 5218997235 | Predestination | The belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power | 7 | |
| 5218997236 | 95 Theses | Written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences. | 8 | |
| 5218997237 | Enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions | 9 | |
| 5218997238 | Catherine the Great | This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia. | 10 | |
| 5218997239 | Johannes Gutenberg | German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468). | 11 | |
| 5218997240 | Martin Luther | A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | 12 | |
| 5218997241 | Protestantism | General wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church ; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief. | 13 | |
| 5218997242 | Isaac Newton | English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. | 14 | |
| 5218997243 | Deism | The religion of the Enlightenment (1700's). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world , but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. | 15 | |
| 5218997244 | Henry VIII | English king who created the Church of England afte r the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval). | 16 | |
| 5218997245 | Capitalism | Economic system in which private citizens own and use the factors of production in order to generate profits. | 17 | |
| 5218997246 | Mercantilism | An economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests. | 18 | |
| 5218997247 | Glorious Revolution | In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights. | 19 | |
| 5218997248 | Humanism | The doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity fo r self-realization through reason. | 20 | |
| 5218997249 | Parliamentary Monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments. | 21 | |
| 5218997250 | Elizabeth I | This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England. Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; she succeeded Mary I (Catholic) and restored Protestantism to England; during her reign Mary Queen of Scots was executed and the Spanish was defeated. | 22 | |
| 5218997251 | Scientific Revolution | An era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method | 23 | |
| 5218997252 | Thirty Years War | (1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Habsburg, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. | 24 | |
| 5218997253 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic. | 25 | |
| 5218997254 | Ivan III | prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongolia (a.k.a. Tatars) after 1462; took title of tsar (czar), or Caesar- equivalent of emperor | 26 | |
| 5218997255 | Serfdom | the status of peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of bondage or modified slavery which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century | 27 | |
| 5218997256 | third Rome | Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453 | 28 | |
| 5218997257 | partition of Poland | division of Poland among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe; significant because before this, Poland was one of the largest nation-states in eastern Europe apart from Russia | 29 | |
| 5218997258 | Peter I | son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to his death in 1725; continued growth of absolution and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selecte aspects of economy and culture through initiation of western European models | 30 | |
| 5218997259 | St. Petersburg | the tsar Peter I (Peter the Great) moved the capital from Moscow to this Baltic city, St. Petersburg; Peter I "commemorated Russia's shift of interests westward by moving his capital from Moscow to a new Baltic city that he named St. Petersburg" | 31 | |
| 5218997260 | Westernization | is the assimilation of western culture; the social process of becoming familiar with or converting to customs and practices of western civilization. | 32 | |
| 5218997261 | Pugachev rebellion | during 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Yemelyan Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter | 33 | |
| 5218997262 | Romanov dynasty | dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917 | 34 | |
| 5218997263 | Time of Troubles | followed death of Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) without heir early in 17th century; lasted from 1604-1613, when a new tsar was finally selected; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar (czar) in 1613, which was the start of the Romanov dynasty, that would rule Russia until the great revolution of 1917 | 35 | |
| 5218997264 | Ivan IV | confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western Europe commerce and trade | 36 | |
| 5218997265 | boyars | Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe | 37 |
