AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP World History Winter Midterm Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8442344116What is the spread of ideas and material culture, especially if these occur independently of the rise of population or movement?diffusion0
8442352938What was the creation of small villages surrounded by agricultural fields a result of?neolithic revolution1
8442355297Why is the neolithic revolution considered to be a turning point in history?it was the start of history; more food was produced, people were able to have more leisure time and thus more time to think, and new activities and inventions were spurred from human thought2
8442366893What is the importance of iron tools/metallurgy in history?stronger than stone tools, used to make farming easier3
8442372062What are the common elements that make up a civilization?environment, culture, religion, tools, weapons, architecture, capitals, economics, specialization of labor, currency/bartering, hierarchy4
8442379925How would the division of labor change during the neolithic times?it became easier for people to acquire more resources than another and everyone had a fair chance at being better off and because of this some people profited more than others and became higher ranking officials5
8442390969How does human interaction impact the environment?in order to start a civilization, humans have to resurface their environment to fit their needs. trees are cut, mountains are flattened, air is polluted, water is dirtied6
8442400021What were the advantages of animal domestication?animals could be raised for food or other products, could be used to work fields7
8442405460What is social stratification?defining a city into classes depending on wealth, power, production, and prestige8
8442410144What was the first region in the world to establish permanent agricultural settlements?the fertile crescent (mesopotamia)9
8442416910Where would early man migrate from?east africa10
8442419062What would reflect and reinforce existing social and political hierarchies?law codes (like Hammurabi's law)11
8442423096What would lead to a transition to a patriarchal society?with the advent of agriculture, women were specialized to harvest food and take care of children while men hunted and worked the fields making them seem less important to society12
8442434611Why is not too much known about the Harappan civilization?the Aryans arrived 500 years after the Harappan civilization was created and effaced almost all of their culture through the invention of the caste system13
8442441225What was the purpose of constructing a system of canals along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers?the canals were built to channel water into fields14
8442445012Why was Egypt called the "gift of the Nile"?it was called this because of its close proximity to water and the fact that the Nile deposited fertile silk at its delta that made crops grow well15
8442450170What is the Mandate of Heaven?the divine right to rule and overthrow16
8442453286Why wouldn't Egypt have a similar law code to that of Mesopotamia?they had different forms of government, Egypt was more centralized and the pharaoh had absolute power while Mesopotamia was decentralized and the city-states had their own governments17
8442463102What was the purpose of oracle bones during the Shang Dynasty?they were the beginning of religion in China, used as a fortune-telling device of whether or not rulers should go to war or when rains would fall18
8442479481What evidence is there that ancient Egyptians believed in the afterlife?pyramids contained an underground chamber where pharaohs were buried with their earthly belongings19
8442487793What Asian philosophy was critical of Confucianism?Daoism20
8442490706What was the similarity between Egyptian and Mesopotamian political structure?both were based off of a social hierarchy in which peasants were at the bottom, artisans merchants and priests in the middle, and nobles and kings at the top21
8442501122Buddhism would spread from where to where?originally in India to parts of central and east asia22
8442509257What was the geographical advantage given to both Egypt and Mesopotamia?both civilizations were near rivers with fertile soil and natural grains to be grown23
8442513132What are major factors in the centralization of the Han Dynasty?-expansion of territory -contact with Parthian Empire -trade with Roman Empire -Wu Ti embracing peace -emphasis on Confucian values24
8442523919What are several examples of monumental architecture that promoted unification of civilizations?pyramids, ziggurats, temples, stonehenge25
8442527633How would Daoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism interact/compliment each other?all 3 philosophies advocated a man (or woman in Buddhism) aligning himself with goodness whether it be through his own efforts (confucianism) or through god (daoism and buddhism)26
8442537009How did Judaism differ from other religions/cultures of the time?it was the first major monotheistic religion27
8442538922What is samsara?the Hindu cycle of life, death, and rebirth28
8442544060According to Confucius, how should a ruler treat his people?with true justice and compassion29
8442546769What Sumerian innovations developed for the first time in history?the wheel, chariot, sailboat, plow, time, astronomy, astrology, maps, math, cuneiform30
8442554894What is the similarity between the civilizations of Mesoamerica, Mesopotamia, the Indus River Valley, China, and the Nile River Valley?all were patriarchal, agriculturalist societies with degrees of social stratification31
8442560778What were punishments based on in Hammurabi's code?equal punishment (eye for an eye) depending on social class32
8442564941What is ethnocentrism?the belief or assumption that the particular social or cultural group a person belongs to is superior or the only one in the world33
8442569248Who were the Aryans?a group of Indo-Europeans that developed the Indus River Valley's first epic stories. these stories were later written in sanskrit and their ideas on social order influenced India's caste system34
8442575030What was the Silk Road?an interconnected series of routes through Southern Asia traversed by caravan and ocean vessel35
8442577924What led to Chinese writing?oracle bones36
8442585824Who was the creator of the major Indian and Asian religion that was born in the 6th century BCE and taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning worldly desires?Buddha37
8442587746What was the site of development of sedentary agriculture in China?Yellow River Basin38
8442592167Who was the ofunder of the first empire in the Indian subcontinent that created the first centralized government since the Harappan civilization?Chandragupta Maurya39
8442597539What was one of the great epic tales from classical India that deals with the triumph of good over evil and that races adventures of the King Rama and his wife?Ramayana40
8442604679What was the era from 475 BCE to 221 BCE that was interpreted as a time of endless brutal wars that came as a result of friction among the seven states and that this unfortunate state of affairs could end only with one state bringing all into one empire?period of warring states41
8442611019What are the four ancient books and hymns to the gods of Aryan religious traditions in which can be found the origins of Hinduism?the vedas42
8442612258What is a moral duty to your family and yourself?dharma43
8442617535What is a social organization created by exchanging grants of land in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service?feudalism44
8442620944What stressed the need for the absolute power of the emperor enforced through the strict application of laws in China?legalism45
8442622137What is respect for one's ancestors?filial piety46
8442633681What is the branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their culture?archaeology47
8442639689What is the means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture that was normal of nomadic tribes?hunting and gathering48
8442645814Who were the people that migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 BCE, created the first civilization within the region, and organized the area into city-states?Sumerians49
8442649150What was the time from 4000 to 3000 BCE that increased the use of the plow, metalworking, development of wheeled vehicles, and writing?bronze age50
8442651160What was the system of writing used by the ancient Egyptians?hieroglyphs51
8442656622What was the age ending in 12,000 BCE that typified the use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gatheringpaleolithic age52
8442665186What was a small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory? It was a characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.city-states53
8442670819What was the time between 8000 and 5000 BCE in which the adoption of sedentary agriculture occurred and plants and animals were domesticated?neolithic age54
8442674869Who are people with no permanent home but who roam from place to place searching for pasture lands?nomads55
8442681114What was the oldest known monotheistic religion? It originated in Persia and included dual gods of good and evil power. It influenced Christianity and Judaism.zoroastrianism56
8442685957What was the location of most early civilizations?fertile crescent57
8442689355What was the purpose of monumental building in Mesoamerica from 800-400 BCE?home for emperor, dedication to gods58
8442699343Who was Aristarchus?a Greek astronomer who created the heliocentric solar system59
8442702132The Socratic method would emphasize the importance of...?asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw conclusions about the world60
8442707196What did the Polynesians adapt to their environment WITHOUT?technology and written records61
8442732131Who is known as the father of history?herodotus62
8442739432What was the significance of the Romans sacking Jerusalem?the Jewish diaspora63
8442751008Who were the two sides in the Punic Wars?Romans vs Carthaginians64
8442759724What were the Punic Wars fought over?Rome wanted Sicily65
8442779899What was the result of the Punic Wars?end to the Carthage Empire - Roman control over Mediterranean66
8442785924What was the importance of the Persian Royal Roads?facilitated fast transport of news and laws in the Persian Empire67
8442800887What islands would the Polynesians reach?Oceania, Australia, New Zealand, Australia68
8442807964What was the pre-Greek civilization that flourished from 1600 - 1100 BCE?Mycenaen69
8442811328What was the purpose/significance of the Parthenon?symbol of Athenian wealth and used to honor Athena70
8442814802What led to the fall of both the Roman and Han empires?too large to govern, disease, decreased economy, outside invasion71
8442820775What was the importance of having a democratic government in Athens?it influenced many modern legal systems and gave greeks citizens more legal participation72
8442827274What system can be discarded with the invention of money?bartering73
8442828522What is Romanization?the spread of roman culture, language, religion, art, and government74
8442832891What was the significance of Alexander the Great's conquests?the spread of Hellenistic culture, created a common cultural basis for the Romans to take over75
8442838163What was the main source of Greek unity prior to Alexander the Great?culture76
8442839880What was the impact of Rome stopping expansion?lessened economy, unsuccessful emperors, political outrage77
8442843972What are characteristics of Pax Romana?peace and prosperity, expanding empire, and world superpower78
8442848740What is the combination of different cultures?syncretism79
8442851428What was the major important connection to trade for the Greeks?Mediterranean Sea80
8442853748Where would Roman wealth come from?conquering other lands81
8442857110What were the reasons that Rome built such a large empire?military force, assimilation and citizenship offered to conquered areas, tolerant of religions82
8442860984What is a patriarchal society?male dominated83
8442863411What was the makeup of the Spartan society?military oligarchy, 2 kings, aristocratic government, majority forceful warriors84
8442873172What was the central defensively oriented district in ancient Greek cities that was placed on high ground and contained the chief municipal and religious buildings?acropolis85
8442877589What was the period of political stability, cultural brilliance, and economic prosperity beginning with the unification under Augustus and lasting through the first two centuries of the common era?Pax Romana86
8442887092What was the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law? These civil laws developed by the Roman Republic protected individual rights.Law of Twelve Tables87
8442895546Who were the slaves of Spartan society?helots88
8442901262What was the name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra?Augustus Caesar89
8442907829What was the war between Athens and Spartan alliances that was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism in the Aegean region? It went on for over 20 years and ultimately Sparta prevailed but both were weakened sufficiently.Peloponnesian War90
8442915225What is the system of government in which all citizens have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections?democracy91
8442921584What is a plebeian officer elected by plebeians charged to protect their lives and properties, with a right of veto against legislative proposals of the Senate?tribune92
8442925946What was a heavy infantry that was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army in the period of the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire?legion93
8442930839What war was based on conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire in the 400s BCE? (Persia lost both times that it invaded)Persian War94
8442935638What was the period in which Greek art, education, and culture merged with those of the Middle East?Hellenistic Period95
8442948498What was the balanced constitution of Rome from 510 to 47 BCE that featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies?Roman Republic96
8442950537What was the most important legislative body in the Roman republic?Senate97
8442954624Who were the 2 men that shared executive power in the Roman Republic, but in times of crisis the Senate could choose a dictator with emergency powers?consuls98
8442956937Who was the founder of Macedonia?Phillip II99
8442959363Who were the wealthy, landowning noblemen in ancient Rome?patricians100
8442963963Who was the dictator of the Roman republic who effectively ended the republic and. with his successor Augustus, transformed it into an empire?Julius Caesar101
8442966416What was an aristocratic person in a polis who was a popular leader and carried out progressive reforms?tyrant102
8442970503What are the 5 pillars of Islam?there is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet, pray in the direction of Mecca 5 times a day, fast during the month of ramadan, tithe for charity, make the pilgrimage to mecca103
8442981444Who was the leader of the Songhai that drove out the Berbers and built the largest empire in west africa by his death in 1492? He conquered Timbuktu and Djenne which gave the Songhai the control of trade.Sunni Ali104
8442985754What is a tradition relating to the words of deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Qur'an, it's the most important basis for Islamic law?Hadith105
8442988609In what battle did the Abbasids defeat the Umayyads?Battle of River Zab106
8442995517Who are Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam that believes that God vests leadership of the community in the descendants of Muhammad's son in-law?Shia Muslims107
8442998668What was the dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs?Abassid Empire108
8443001296What is the region of present-day Israel that includes the city of Jerusalem?Holy Land109
8443007162Who was the Ethiopian King who directed the building of 11 great churches sculpted from rock underground?King Lebilani110
8443012046What was the Niger River port city in Mali that had a famous Muslim university and was the center of Islamic civilization for the period?Timbuktu111
8443020781What was the clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economics in Mecca that established rule of Islam?Umayyad Empire112
8443035838What was the name of the building located inside the mosque known as the Masjid al Haram in Mecca that is the holiest place in Islam?Ka'ba113
8443037525What is the second holiest city of Islam?Medina114
8443040611Who were the nomadic invaders from central Asia that were staunch Sunnis and that ruled from the 11th century in the name of the Abbasids?Seljuk Turks115
8443043805What was an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule?dar al-Islam116
8443050779Who were the Central Asian nomadic people who captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid Caliph?the mongols117
8443051653What is the holiest city in Islam?Mecca118
8443055281Who was the Moroccan Muslims scholar who was the most widely traveled individual of his time? He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.Ibn Battuta119
8443065004What is the name of the East African shores of the Indian Ocean that were densely populated with Arabic trading cities?Swahili coast120
8443069955Why does Islamic art emphasize geometric design rather than graven images?the Qur'an states that no idolization should be practiced121
8443075938How does the spread and growth of Islam differ from the spread and growth of Buddhism and Christianity?it was spread through holy wars called jihad122
8443082581Rome's most significant contribution to the west was...?a fair and just legal system123
8443084750What policies were used by Shi Huangdi to unify China?legalism124
8443086898What was the major agricultural product that would be a staple for Mesoamerican cultures?corn125
8443091652What would the Byzantine Empire spread to Western Europe and the Islamic world?Christianity (catholicism)126
8443094044What was the significance of the Battle of Tours?Charles the Great defeats the Muslims and legitimizes European rule127
8443097091The Hanseatic League would trade to what regions?Northern Europe and Scandinavia128
8443100487What would influence the development of Russia due to the interactions of the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus?the conversion to Greek Orthodox Christianity129
8443104788When would the Middle Ages begin?after the fall of the Roman Empire (12th century)130
8443106863What was the draw-back to the 3-field system?a third of the land did not produce any product and lessened the economy131
8443107966What were guilds?specialized market towns for certain occupations132
8443112711What was the reason that Kiev would be a major trading center in the mid-9th century?it had easy access to the Baltic Sea and the Hanseatic League developed close to the prominent Mongolian and Asian powers133
8443119476Who was Leif Ericson?the viking that founded Vinland in north america134
8443122201Who would establish a united empire in Western Europe after the fall of Rome in the west?Charlemagne135
8443124543What was the role of women by the 15th century?could hold some occupations, not many136
8443127253What group of people provided the most serious challenge to the Byzantine Empire?Ottoman Turks137
8443130740What were the reasons why Ferdinand and Isabella supported the expulsion of Muslims and Jews from Spain?both were Christian and believed that these other religious groups were a threat to their power138
8443132547What is realism?the general attempt to depict things truthfully-to show the way things are in the real world139
8443138006What would the Byzantine Empire under Justinian spend most of its money on?churches140
8443139060What was the cyrillic alphabet?the new russian alphabet based off of latin141
8443142363What was the effect that geography had on the establishment of empires in Oceania?spaced islands made it hard to create a centralized government142
8443156841Why did China end their age of exploration and recall Zheng He back to China?the dynastic cycle - a new dynasty was in charge143
8452825147What was the epidemic that struck Europe in the 14th century that decreased Europe and Asia's populations and affected social structure?the plague144
8452837226What was the name of the group of Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century that left the Russian churches and aristocracy intact?Tartans145
8452865722What was the dominant, school-based medieval philosophical approach that used logic to resolve theological problems?scholasticism146
8452885897What was the great charter issued by King John of England in 1215 that represented the principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and the feudal aristocracy and the supremacy of law?Magna Carta147
8452888697Who was the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church?tsar148
8452893785What was art during the medieval ages dominated by?catholic church149
8452901367What was the Catholic church's code of laws set up to help regulate churches spread throughout Europe?canon law150
8452914689What was the Turkish empire established in Asia Minor that eventually extended through the Middle East and the Balkans? It conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended the Byzantine Empire.Ottoman Empire151
8452935519What was the most severe penalty for refusing to obey Church laws?excommunication152
8452939752What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?Constantinople153
8452949824What were bodies representing privileged groups that institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects?parliament154
8452960951What occurs in societies that transition from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates as part of the economic development of the country? (seen in China, Japan, US today)demographic transition155
8452972877Who were the Russian land-holding aristocrats who possessed less political power than their western European counterparts?boyars156
8452980893What is an architectural style that developed during the 13th century and featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as the external support on main walls?gothic157
8452995420What was the rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection? (large manors)manorialism158
8453012193What was the eastern portion of the Roman Empire which survived beyond the collapse of the Roman Empire? It retained Mediterranean culture, particularly Greek.Byzantine Empire159
8453020744What was the way of life in which men and women would withdraw from society in order to devote themselves to their faith?monasticism160
8453029294What was an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance?Hanseatic League161
8453037177What was the common relationship between lords and serfs in the Middle Ages (what kind of system)?feudalism162
8453045989What was the state that emerged around the city of Kiev i the 9th century that was a culturally diverse region of Viking, Finnic, and Baltic people?Kievan Rus163
8453049025Who was the head of the Roman Catholic Church?pope164
8453055476Who was a military elite who received rewards or benefits from lords in repayment for their military service in Europe?vassal165
8453069196Who replaced the Kamakura regime in Japan?Ashikaga Shogunate166
8453074431What form of Buddhism emphasized the salvationist aspect of Chinese Buddhism?Mahayana167
8453084351What was the attempt to make the Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor that included attempts to create a professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army?Taika reforms168
8453096500Who were the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate that were loyal to their feudal lords?samurai169
8453101646Who were the military leaders of Japan during its feudal era and the actual powers behind the emperor?shogun170
8453109464Who were the founders of the Qin kingdom in China?jurchens171
8453112621What was the title given to students who passed the civil service exam?jinshi172
8453120677Who were the warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of the Ashikaga Shogunate?daimyo173
8453125700What was the samurai code of conduct?bushido174
8453132696What was the canal system that joined the Yellow River to the Yangzi basin?grand canal175
8453141330What was the extensive adoption of Chinese culture in other regions? It was typical of Korea and Japan but not Vietnam.sinification176
8453167726What was the Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to people?flying money177
8453175036What was the form of Buddhism that stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty?zen178
8453186967What was the story written by Lady Murasaki (a Japanese noblewoman) that detailed the amorous life of a Japanese emperor's son?Tale of Genji179
8453194443What factor spread Islam through southeast Asia?trade180
8453198393East Asia and Mediterranean civilizations were linked by...?the silk road181
8453205164What was the interaction between Tang China and Japan?Tang China would send over envoys to try to reform Japanese-style government182
8453216117The social organization of the Tang and Song dynasties allowed for...?social mobility183
8453221271What is three point linear perspective?parallel lines along the width of an object meet at two separate points on the horizon and vertical lines on the object meet at a point on the perpendicular bisector of the horizon line (more depth given to pictures)184
8453284410Which region of the world had a decentralized government from 500 to 1000 CE?central europe185
8453299541The spread of Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula was caused by...?trade and jihad186
8453328486What was the long-term effect of the Roman Empire's construction of roads throughout the empire?cultural unification187
8453344069What were man-made islands in the lake beds of Mexican lakes that yielded a large amount of crops and arable land?chinampas188
8453357269What was the class structure of the Mayans?leader = king, elite = nobles and priests, peasants = farmers and artisans189
8453370746Who was Huitzilopochtli?the mayan sun god190
8453375755How were the Mayans organized politically?city-states, not politically united191
8453389493What did the Inca use to obtain resources?tribute states192
8453393320What would happen to prisoners who were captured by the Aztecs in battle?they were used as human sacrifice193
8453401038What did art represent in the Toltec, Aztec, Olmec, and Incan civilizations?religion and folklore194
8453407081Where was the mita system a characteristic of?Inca Empire195
8453410665What did the mita system mandate?all men must serve in battle, conquered areas must pay a labor tax196
8453422477What was the major reason that trade in the Americas was underdeveloped as compared to Eurasia?no wheel, no domesticated animals197
8453429712What was the significance of Macchu Picchu?it is a complex urban center that reflects the Incan resources and technology of the time198
8453441502How did the Aztecs obtain resources for the growth and survival of their civilization?they produced everything on their own and expanded their territory199
8453449688What was the political power of the khan?complete political power200
8453453439What would lead to the development of the 4 khanates?death of Genghis khan, weakened government power, corrupt successors201
8453461654What were the characteristics of Pax Mongolica?brief unification of Eurasia, safe trade, increase in technology, commodities and ideologies spread202
8453484633Who were the most effective Mongol troops?the tumens, cavalry men and skilled archers203
8453492246Why would the Mongols refrain from invading Europe in the 1200s?death of Genghis Khan204
8453504212Why would the Mongol empire break up?high taxes, high demand for labor205
8453514870What would the Mongols be responsible for spreading that was previously Chinese?gunpowder206
8453517801Who invented the Mongol Empire?Genghis Khan207
8453521298What was the religious policy of the Mongols?tolerant of all religions208
8453530009What would territories under Mongol control benefit from during the 13th and 14th centuries?the effects of Pax Mongolica and isolation from the bubonic plague209
8453540641What were characteristics of the little ice age during the Middle Ages?famine, crop failure, population loss, expanding glaciers210
8453550351How do Islam and Hinduism differ?Islam focuses on following the laws of the Qur'an and spiritual salvation through relationships invested in Allah while Hinduism focuses on following social castes and attaining spiritual salvation by doing so.211
8453588089What was the significance of Vasco da Gama?he was the first European explorer to reach India by sea212
8453595003What was the significance of Mansa Musa's hajj to Mecca?Mali kingdom placed on European map, brought attention to Africa and Islam213
8453610564What civilization did the Aztecs succeed in Central America?Toltecs214
8453617791Why did the Russians convert to Orthodox Christianity?tsar had all political and religious power215
8453623330The use of paper money, coal, and daily bathing would be things that Marco Polo would describe of what court?Chinese (Yuan Dynasty)216
8453628979Why would the Sui Dynasty collapse?failed military campaigns, peasant revolts217
8453643233What were government positions in China based on?partly on family background, partly on performance on the civil service exam218
8453656920Architecture in Cordoba, Spain was influenced by?Islam219
8453659436What were the basic beliefs of Confucianism?filial piety, humaneness, social consciousness220
8453664988How did the Dutch establish themselves in the east Indies?through colonies and the Dutch/British East India Tea Company, wiped out native culture221
8453679771What was the difference between European caravels and Ming treasure junks?caravels were smaller with triangular lanteen sails that allowed them to move through shallow and open waters, they could be used for war as well while junks were larger and could only hug the coastline222
8453689894What was the main motive for exploration?to increase the wealth of europe223
8453697241What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?after the pope drew the line of demarcation, Brazil was awarded to Portugal224
8453700332What is mercantilism?government controls trade; exports more than it imports225
8453715866Why would diseases destroy the native population of the Americas?they had no prior immunity226
8453731134What was the main difference between French and Spanish colonization?french were tolerant and cooperated with the natives, spanish were not227
8453741035How was Columbus able to persuade the Spanish monarchy to support his explorations?promised to convert people to christianity, promised to find valuable resources228
8453749702How would Joseph II of Austria reform his society?enforced laws that peasants must be paid for labor229
8453756045What was the political philosophy of John Locke?separation of powers, democracy230
8453759960What was the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes?absolute monarchy231
8453778466Prior to the reformation, what was the major criticism of the Catholic Church?corruption232
8453787365According to Locke, people have the right to do what if their rights are not protected?revolt and negotiate new protections233
8453802608What were indulgences?objects sold by the Catholic Church as remissions for the penalty of sins234
8453808008What was the significance of the Palace of Versailles?represented Louis XIV's absolute monarchy235
8453813664What did William Harvey discover?the circulatory system is powered by the heart236
8453820462What did the European monarchs use to legitimize their political power?divine right, relations with church237
8453829317What was the result of the Glorious Revolution?parliament had powers over the king238
8453840488What was the result of the English reformation?the king was named the head of the church of england239
8453847493What was the Council of Trent?a catholic committee that was committed to reforming the catholic church240
8453853657What was the Counter Reformation?the catholic church's attempt to stop the spread of protestantism241
8453856425Who were the Cossacks?brutal and militaristic Russians that served Ivan III in battle242
8453870569Why did the Russians not experience the Renaissance or Reformation?they were still under mongol rule243
8453874593How did Catherine the Great feel that governments should operate?in a just and legal fashion244
8453888790Ivan III was responsible for:strengthening Russia's military, gaining territory previously held by the mongols, asserting control over all orthodox churches245
8453915372Economically, early modern Russia was:largely agricultural and reliant on western trade246
8453919706What was the reason why Russian expansion focused on Central Asia?they were powered by their desire to push back territory that was held by the mongols247
8453946472What would Peter the great create that would reflect the growth of Russia (especially in the Baltic Sea)?a navy248
8454414920Peter the Great was able to centralize the government through the use of:state-sponsored government institutions249
8454417235What is polytheism?the belief in multiple gods250
8454428787What are characteristics of the paleolithic age?hunter-gatherers, control of fire, nomadic movement251
8454433343What is sanskrit?the holy indian language, the language the vedas were originally recorded in252
8454441872What would civilizations develop independently from one another?staple crops253
8454445250What did the Epic of Gilgamesh talk about?Mesopotamian religion, the fear of death and how people cease to exist after death254
8454455294What suggests that Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had strong central governments?complex water and grid systems255
8454462044What need in early civilization lead to the development of the first writing systems?the need to keep record of trade and agricultural gains256
8454500801What philosophy would spread via India?Hinduism, follow by Buddhism through Ashoka257
8454508151The caste system was established to enable:Indian nobles to keep control over lower castes258
8454528603What two classical civilizations were similar with regards to the use of bureaucratic government administration?Han China and Rome259
8454540474Alexander the Great would usually adopt what of the empires he conquered?the culture, economics, and social policies260
8454562891What was the Edict of Milan and what did it establish?a progressive reform issued by Constantine, it established the toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire261
8454580184What was the reason that the Persians were able to collect taxes effectively throughout the empire?they used the royal road262
8454614979How would geography shape ancient Greece?tall mountains and separated islands made it hard to create a centralized government, also it was hard to farm land263
8454640573Alexander the Great was "great" at conquering land and "weak" at...governing the land he conquered264
8454645245What made the Persian empire "great"?religious tolerance265
8454654124What religion was also spreading during the time of Christianity?Islam266
8454658333What is the importance of the city of Timbuktu?center of Islam in Africa, trade, scholarly area267
8454695551What was Romanesque architecture?big blocky buildings, custom of medieval churches268
8454698568What is Swahili?language spoken on the african east coast, a dialect of Bantu and Arabic269
8454708219What percentage of Europe was affected by the plague?30-50%270
8454713409What fields did Muslims make advancements in during the golden age?math, medicine, philosophy, art, architecture, writing, history271
8454724970What was the purpose of the Bantu migration?Bantu people developed iron tools and conquered the surrounding areas, converting them to their language and culture272
8454759819What was the main value of the Mongols?loyalty273
8454763116What was the pre-Islamic Bedouin religion?animism274
8454766701What was Neo-Confucianism?the revival of Chinese Confucian ethics during the Song/Tang era275
8454770906What was footbinding?the neo-confucianist practice of breaking a woman's foot and tying it so it will heal deformed276
8454777572What was the purpose of Justinian code?to create a fair legal system277
8454787231What was the economy like in the dar al-Islam?free market, merchant and artisan classes flourished278
8454793400How would Ivan the Terrible confirm his authority?through the oprichniki, an oppressive russian police group279
8454799119What event would mark a beginning of a new period in world history?the founding of the americas280
8454807200What was the commonality of Locke, Montesquieu, and Voltaire?all believed in the separation of powers and a semi-democratic government281
8454815897What was the purpose of the Russian aristocracy cutting their beards?made them more westernized282
8454832567What was the key cause for both the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution?oppressive king283
8454849361Who was the enlightened despot who stated that the government should operate in an orderly and legal fashion?Catherine the Great284
8454861845What European country was the first to have a significant religious impact on the New World?Spain285
8454861847Who was Ferdinand Magellan?a portuguese-spanish explorer who found brazil286
8454871498What is humanism?an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements287

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!