Empires and Networks
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| 7630850758 | 3rd Century Crisis | The disastrous state of politics, economics, and military in the Roman Empire during the 3rd century C.E. Frequent changes in rulers, barbarian invasions, urban center decline, near-destruction of trade. | 0 | |
| 7630850759 | Battle of Actium | Naval battle in which Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian's fleet under Agrippa in 31 B.C.E. | 1 | |
| 7630850760 | Alexander the Great | (356 B.C.E.-323 B.C.E.) He conquered most of the known world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences. | 2 | |
| 7630850761 | Aristocracy | A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility. | 3 | |
| 7630850762 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. | 4 | |
| 7630850763 | Ashoka | Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. | 5 | |
| 7630850764 | Atman | In Hindu belief, a person's essential self. | 6 | |
| 7630850765 | Attila | Leader of the Huns, he led invasions of Constantinople, Greece, Gaul, and northern Italy and was greatly feared by the Romans. | 7 | |
| 7630850766 | Augustus Caesar | The first emperor of Rome and the adopted son of Julius Caesar, who helped Rome come into the Pax Romana. | 8 | |
| 7630850767 | Buddhism | A religion in which Buddha's teachings that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire and suffering ceases when desire ceases. Enlightenment obtained through right conduct, wisdom, and meditation releases one from desire, suffering, and rebirth (reincarnation). | 9 | |
| 7630850768 | Calligraphy | The art of beautiful handwriting. | 10 | |
| 7630850769 | Castes | The different groups which make up the Aryan social system. | 11 | |
| 7630850770 | Cleisthenes | Athenian reformer who expands the government and created the Council of the Five Hundred. He was considered the father of democracy in Athens. | 12 | |
| 7630850771 | Cleopatra | Queen of Ptolemaic Egypt who had affairs with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. In the civil war between her and Mark Anthony and Octavian, she ended up losing at the battle of Actium and committed suicide. | 13 | |
| 7630850772 | Confucianism | A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct. | 14 | |
| 7630850773 | Constantine | (274 C.E. - 337 C.E.) Roman Emperor between 306 C.E. and 337 C.E. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire. | 15 | |
| 7630850774 | Consuls | Two officials from the patrician class were appointed each year of the Roman Republic to supervise the government and command the armies. | 16 | |
| 7630850775 | Cyrus the Great | A remarkable leader who managed to build up the Persian Empire. Under Cyrus, Persia began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world. | 17 | |
| 7630850776 | Daoism | Chinese religion that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from 'the way' or 'path' of nature. | 18 | |
| 7630850777 | Delian League | Alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities following the first attempted invasion of Persia into Greece. Caused a lot of wealth to flow into Athens and thus contributed to the Athenian "golden age." | 19 | |
| 7630850778 | Democracy | A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them. | 20 | |
| 7630850779 | Desertification | The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or agriculture. | 21 | |
| 7630850780 | Diocletian | (245-313 C.E.) Emperor of Rome who was responsible for dividing Rome into different provinces and districts. Eventually, the eastern portions of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire. | 22 | |
| 7630850781 | Equites | The business and landowning people of Rome formed in this class; they had great wealth. | 23 | |
| 7630850782 | Etruscans | Inhabitants of Etruria, a land just north of the area that became Rome; ruled Rome early in its history. | 24 | |
| 7630850783 | Forbidden City | Palace that only housed the emperor and his family, along with their servants an trusted advisors in the Han Dynasty. | 25 | |
| 7630850784 | Great Wall | Chinese defensive fortification built to keep out northern nomadic invaders; construction started during the reign of Shi Huangdi during the Qin Dynasty. | 26 | |
| 7630850785 | Greek Classical Age | 500-336 B.C.E., many cultural achievements merited by this civilization and influenced the world to come. | 27 | |
| 7630850786 | Gupta Empire | (320-550 C.E.) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta. They were not as large as the Mauryans and were also a theatre state. | 28 | |
| 7630850787 | Han Wudi | (ruled Han from 141 to 87 B.C.E.) "Martial Emperor" pursued both administrative centralization and imperial expansion. worked to increase the authority and the prestige of the central government. Established an imperial university to prepare young men for governmental service. | 29 | |
| 7630850788 | Hellenic Culture | Culture associated with spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms. | 30 | |
| 7630850789 | Hellenistic Synthesis | The blending of Greek and local cultures on the territories conquered by Alexander the Great's armies; as a result a distinct new culture emerged. | 31 | |
| 7630850790 | Helots | Spartan word for their slaves, who were the conquered Messenians. | 32 | |
| 7630850791 | Hinduism | A cohesive and unique society, most prevalent in India, that integrates spiritual beliefs with daily practices and official institutions such as the caste system. | 33 | |
| 7630850792 | Hoplites | Heavily armed Greek infantrymen who marched and fought in close ranks; most of the recruits were middle-class citizens and farmers. | 34 | |
| 7630850793 | Jati | A sub-varna in the caste system that gave people of sense of community because they usually consisted of people working in the same occupation. | 35 | |
| 7630850794 | Julius Caesar | 100-44 B.C.E. Roman general who ended Roman Republic. Conquered Gaul with his powerful army. Made himself Roman dictator in 45 B.C.E. Assassinated by the Roman Senate in 44 B.C.E because he was too powerful. | 36 | |
| 7630850795 | Laozi | Founder of Daoism. | 37 | |
| 7630850796 | Lateen Sail | Triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade. | 38 | |
| 7630850797 | Law of the Twelve Tables | Roman code of law administered by Augustus Caesar. | 39 | |
| 7630850798 | Legalism | Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws. | 40 | |
| 7630850799 | Battle of Marathon | Greek victory over the Persian army that ended the first Persian invasion of Greece. | 41 | |
| 7630850800 | Mark Anthony | Caesar's friend in the senate who help elect him as dictator and consul during the time of the crossing of the Rubicon. Eventually defeated by Octavian for control of the empire after Caesar's death. | 42 | |
| 7630850801 | Mauryan Dynasty | 322-185 B.C.E. The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 and survived until 185 B.C.E. From its capitol at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. | 43 | |
| 7630850802 | Minoans | The Mediterranean society that formed on the island of Crete and who were a big maritime society. | 44 | |
| 7630850803 | Monarchies | Countries ruled by a king or queen. | 45 | |
| 7630850804 | Mycenaeans | First Greek-speaking people; invaded Minoans; dominated Greek world 1400 B.C.E. to 1200 B.C.E.; sea traders; lived in separate city-states; involved in Trojan War against Troy | 46 | |
| 7630850805 | Natural Law | Laws that exist outside and above all people and are discovered by reason. | 47 | |
| 7630850806 | Oceania | The group of islands in the Pacific, including Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. | 48 | |
| 7630850807 | Patricians | The land-owning noblemen in Ancient Rome. | 49 | |
| 7630850808 | Patron-Client Relationships | Relations between more powerful figures (patrons) and less powerful ones (clients), involving a series of reciprocal obligations that benefit both sides but are more advantageous to the patron. | 50 | |
| 7630850809 | Pax Romana | A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C.E. to C.E. 180. | 51 | |
| 7630850810 | Peloponnesian War | (431-404 B.C.E.) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north. | 52 | |
| 7630850811 | Pericles | Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens. | 53 | |
| 7630850812 | Phoenicians | A maritime civilization of the Mediterranean that developed extensive trade and communication networks as well as an early alphabetical script (1500 B.C.E). | 54 | |
| 7630850813 | Phonetic Alphabet | An alphabet that contains a different symbol for each individual sound in a language; in this alphabet there is a one to one relationship between sounds and symbols. | 55 | |
| 7630850814 | Plato | (430-347 B.C..E) A disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection. | 56 | |
| 7630850815 | Plebeians | Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders. | 57 | |
| 7630850816 | Polis | A city-state in ancient Greece. | 58 | |
| 7630850817 | Princeps | Latin for "first citizen." Augustus and other Roman emperors gave themselves this title to distinguish themselves from Hellenistic monarchs. | 59 | |
| 7630850818 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.E.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 60 | |
| 7630850819 | Qin Dynasty | (221-207 B.C.E.) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief. | 61 | |
| 7630850820 | Reincarnation | In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding. | 62 | |
| 7630850821 | Rig Veda | A collection of 1,017 Sanskrit hymns composed about 1500 B.C.E. or earlier; Hinduism's oldest sacred text. | 63 | |
| 7630850822 | Roman Empire | Existed from 27 B.C.E. to about 400 C.E. Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity. | 64 | |
| 7630850823 | Roman Republic | The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. | 65 | |
| 7630850824 | Satraps | Governors of provinces in the Persian Empire; created by Darius. | 66 | |
| 7630850825 | Scholar-Gentry | Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China. | 67 | |
| 7630850826 | Secularism | A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations. | 68 | |
| 7630850827 | Roman Senate | A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. | 69 | |
| 7630850828 | Shi Huangdi | Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. | 70 | |
| 7630850829 | Siddhartha Gautama | The prince who is said to have founded Buddhism. | 71 | |
| 7630850830 | Socrates | (470-399 B.C.E.) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. | 72 | |
| 7630850831 | Importance of the Horse Stirrup | Shows how easily technology diffused across trade routes. Stirrups helped riders in battle and made its way to Rome and China through the Silk Road. | 73 | |
| 7630850832 | Terra Cotta Army | Soldiers made from clay to protect the tomb of Shi Huangdi. | 74 | |
| 7630850833 | Tribunes | An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates. | 75 | |
| 7630850834 | Triumvirate | In ancient Rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government. | 76 | |
| 7630850835 | Tyrants (Greece) | In ancient Greece, rulers who seized power by force but who ruled with the people's support; later came to refer to rulers who exercise brutal and oppressive power. | 77 | |
| 7630850836 | Upanishads | A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised. | 78 | |
| 7630850837 | Varna | The four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. | 79 | |
| 7630850838 | Vedas | Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. | 80 | |
| 7630850839 | Virgil | Classical Roman poet, author of Aeneid. | 81 | |
| 7630850840 | Warring States Period | The period from 475 B.C.E. until the unification of China under the Qin dynasty in 220 B.C.E., characterized by lack of centralized government in China. It followed the Zhou dynasty. | 82 | |
| 7630850841 | Xerxes | 83 |
