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| 10845043482 | Abraham | The Hebrew patriarch that came from the Sumerian city of Ur, but migrated to northern Mesopotamia about 1850 B.C.E due to Sumeria's disorder. His descendants continued to recognize many of the deities, values, and customs common to Mesopotamian peoples. | 0 | |
| 10845043483 | Alphabet | A set of letters or other characters with which one or more languages are written especially if arranged in a customary orderb : a system of signs or signals that serve as equivalents for letters | 1 | |
| 10845043484 | Assyrians | Southwest Asian people who built an empire that reached its height during the eighth and seventh centuries b.c.e.; it was known for a powerful army and a well-structured state. | 2 | |
| 10845043485 | Bronze and iron technology | Two important discoveries and developments the Mesopotamians came across. These materials were used to create effective weapons and tools, such as axes, shields and armor, in addition to jewelry . | 3 | |
| 10845043486 | City-state | Urban areas that controlled surrounding agricultural regions and that were often loosely connected in a broader political structure with other city-states. | 4 | |
| 10845043487 | Cross-cultural interaction, exchange | Intended to strengthen the interaction of people from different backgrounds in the business world and is a vital issue in international business. This action allowed Mesopotamians to trade goods, such as minerals and various crafts, with other early societies, intermarry, and spread their knowledge and influence to multiple parts of the world. | 5 | |
| 10845043488 | Cuneiform | Written language of the Sumerians, probably the first written script in the world. | 6 | |
| 10845043489 | Economic specialization | This occurred after the rapid growth of human population. All peoples vastly expanded the stock of human skills, and refine techniques inherited from previous generations. Experimentation was encouraged, allowing for the creation of new, distinct occupations, such as pottery, textiles, or metallurgy. | 7 | |
| 10845043490 | Elite, commoner, dependent client, slave | Shows (from left to right) the wealthiest and most respected human beings to the poorest and more disregarded figures during Mesopotamian times. Elites: The elites of early Mesopotamian times, besides the supreme rulers of each individual territory, were priests and priestesses. Priests and priestesses intervened with gods for good fortune and lived in temple communities while still generating land income. Commoners: Commoners were typically peasant cultivators who owed land and provided labor services to the elites. Dependent clients: The peoples within this social class "pyramid" had no private property and were typically agricultural laborers. Slaves: Slaves were owed by other people and were, essentially, derived from three main sources: prisoners of war, convicted criminals, and heavily debted individuals. Masters granted slaves freedom with financial gifts, or slaves acquired their own wealth and purchased their own freedom. | 8 | |
| 10845043491 | Empire | An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress. | 9 | |
| 10845043492 | Epic of Gilgamesh | A cycle of stories named after the fifth king of Uruk, Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh was made the central figure and hero of these particular stories, as he conquered the neighboring city, Kish. These stories explored themes of friendship, loyalty, ambition, fear of death, and longing for immortality, as Gilgamesh went on various adventures with his friends, and serves to be the best known "reflexive" literature from early times. | 10 | |
| 10845043493 | Hammurabi | A Babylonian king who ruled from 1792-1750 B.C.E, most commonly known for establishing a set of rules based on the principle of les taliones, called Hammurabi's Law Code, and laws encompassing a centralized, bureaucratic rule with frequent taxation. The rules governed morality and kept this king's empire regulated, with stern punishments for disobeyers. | 11 | |
| 10845043494 | Hammurabi's Law Code | Sophisticated law code associated with the Babylonian king Hammurabi (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). | 12 | |
| 10845043495 | Hanging Gardens of Babylon | Reputably constructed by King Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. for one of his wives. It symbolized the wealth and sophistication of the Babylonian empire just before it was conquered by foreign invaders. | 13 | |
| 10845043496 | Hebrews, Israelites, Jews | Some of the best-known cases of Mesopotamian influence, where memories of these specific cultures and historical experiences are preserved in an extensive collection of sacred writings. All three religions were exclusively polytheistic. Hebrews: The Hebrews came into existence before both the Israelites and the Jews, and were pastoral nomads who settled between Mesopotamia and Egypt. Abraham served as the patriarch, and much of the principles were borrowed from lex talionis (Hammurabi's Law Code) Israelites: These people are a branch of the overarching Hebrews. This branch formulated after 1200 B.C.E. Jews: The Jews were southern Israelites that descended from both the Israelites and the Hebrews. | 14 | |
| 10845043497 | Hittites | Babylonian empire invaders who spoke Indo-European languages, most known for their establishment of the powerful empire of Anatolia (central plains). In addition, their creation of the war chariot and their utilization of iron metallurgy contributed much to the modern world. | 15 | |
| 10845043498 | Indo-Europeans | Tribal groups from southern Russia who, over a period of millennia, embarked on a series of migrations from India through western Europe; their greatest legacy was the broad distribution of Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia. | 16 | |
| 10845043499 | Irrigation | The supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels. This supply of water was extremely beneficial, as it lead to increased food supplies, promoting the rapid growth of human population within Mesopotamian times. | 17 | |
| 10845043500 | Kingdom | A country, state, or territory ruled by a king or queen. Example of this include Hammurabi and the Babylonians, as he sought to maintain order through written law codes, alongside Gilgamesh, arguably the most famous Mesopotamian ruler, and his epics. | 18 | |
| 10845043501 | Monotheism | Belief in only one god, a rare concept in the ancient world. |  | 19 |
| 10845043502 | Moses | A person who embraced monotheism and believed in Yahweh as the supremely powerful deity and the creator and sustainer of the world. Commandments were given to this specific person that regulated both religious and ethical principles, and he was accredited for parting the Red Sea. | 20 | |
| 10845043503 | Pastoral nomads | The Early Hebrews/ these peoples inhabited lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt between the 2nd millennium B.C.E, and are known as producers of food. These groups raised livestock, and they move about within their established territory to find good pastures for their animals. | 21 | |
| 10845043504 | Patriarchal society | A society in which men are in authority over women in all aspects. This was a common practice back in ancient history, and has since lead to problems between gender roles and family lineage. | 22 | |
| 10845043505 | Phoenicians | Peoples who occupied a narrow coastal plain between the Mediterranean Sea and the Lebanon Mountains, speaking a Semitic language. They were known to be excellent sailors who dominated trade, and enjoyed a special reputation for brilliant red and purple textiles. One of their most influential creations was the development of a simpler alphabet, consisting of twenty-two symbols representing consonants. | 23 | |
| 10845043506 | Polytheism | The belief in or worship of more than one god, a common practice within the ancient world. | 24 | |
| 10845043507 | Sargon of Akkad | The creator of empire in Mesopotamia, known for being a talented administrator and brilliant warrior, conquering cities one by one and placing them under his own governors and administrators. However, he relied heavily on his personal presence to maintain stability throughout his realm. | 25 | |
| 10845043508 | Semitic | People characterized by speaking tongues within a Semitic family, such as Akkadian, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Phoenician. | 26 | |
| 10845043509 | Stele | An upright stone slab or column typically bearing a commemorative inscription or relief design, often serving as a gravestone. | 27 | |
| 10845043510 | Yahweh | This person was the god and creator/sustainer of the monotheistic religion of Judaism that influenced later Christianity and Islam. | 28 | |
| 10845043511 | Ziggurat | Mesopotamian temples that served as local deities' altars, and were shaped distinctively as steppe-pyramids. | 29 |
