Ap world history chapters 18 and 19
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| 43572885 | Ivan III | Also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent form Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took the title of tsar or Caesar-equivalent of emperor | 0 | |
| 43572886 | Third Rome | Russian claim to be successor state to Roman and Byzantine empires; based in part on continuity of Orthodox Church in Russia following fall of Constantinople in 1453 | 1 | |
| 43572887 | Ivan IV | Also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian Expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture | 2 | |
| 43572888 | Boyars | Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in Western Europe | 3 | |
| 43572889 | Cossacks | Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquest and settlements | 4 | |
| 43572890 | Time of Troubles | Followed death of Russian tsar Ivan IV without heir in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613 | 5 | |
| 43572891 | Romanov Dynasty | Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of the Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917 | 6 | |
| 43715949 | Alexis Romanov | Second Romanov tsar (r. 1645- 1676); abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over Russian Orthodox church | 7 | |
| 43715950 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization. | 8 | |
| 43715951 | Peter I | Also known as the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of Western European models. | 9 | |
| 43715952 | St. Petersburg | Capital city created by Peter the Great to resemble a French city. It was built on land taken from Sweeden | 10 | |
| 43715953 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. | 11 | |
| 43715954 | Pugachev Rebellion | During 1770's in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter | 12 | |
| 43715955 | Westernization | Advancement to modernize Russia begun by Peter the Great | 13 | |
| 43715956 | Serfdom | Russian leaders give nobles power over serf so they will not interfere with real gov't affairs, serfs not much affected by any western changes, had a fixed hereditary status, were usually illiterate or poor, and could be bought, sold or gambled away. | 14 | |
| 43715957 | Ferdinand of Aragon | Along with Isabella of Castile, monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World. | 15 | |
| 43715958 | Isabella of Castille | Along with Ferdinand of Aragon, monarch of largest Christian kingdom in Iiberia; marriage to Ferdinand created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World | 16 | |
| 43730503 | Encomiendas | Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies. | 17 | |
| 43730504 | Hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World. | 18 | |
| 43730505 | Bartolome de las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476 | 19 | |
| 43730506 | Hernan Cortes | Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519. conquistador responsible for defeat of the Aztec Empire. captured Tenochtitlan. | 20 | |
| 43730507 | Moctezuma II | Last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernán Cortés' conquest of Tenochtitlan. | 21 | |
| 43730508 | Francisco Pizarro | Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish. | 22 | |
| 43730509 | Francisco Coronado | Leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold | 23 | |
| 43730510 | Colombian Exchange | Biological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe and Africa cane to New World; animals, plants, and diseases of two hemispheres were transferred. | 24 | |
| 43730511 | Haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy. | 25 | |
| 43730512 | Galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion. | 26 | |
| 43730513 | Viceroyalties | Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representities of the King of Spain | 27 | |
| 43730514 | Pedro Cabral | Portugese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil | 28 | |
| 43730515 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain. | 29 | |
| 43730516 | Sociedad de Castas | American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle. | 30 | |
| 43730517 | Peninsulares | People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain. | 31 | |
| 43730518 | Creoles | Whites born in the New World. Dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath Peninsulares. | 32 | |
| 43730519 | War of the Spanish Succesion | Resulted from Bourbon family's succesion to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss if some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French | 33 | |
| 43730520 | Encomendero | The holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor. The encomendero was responsible for their integration into the church. | 34 | |
| 43730521 | Enlightened Despotism | System of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to principles of the Enlightenment | 35 |
