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| 7309183893 | Zhou Dynasty | (1050 BCE-400 BCE) Longest dynasty in Chinese history. Established a new political order with king at the highest level, then lords and warriors and then peasants (bureaucratic form of government); fighting and warfare among feudal kingdoms brought dynasty to an end | 0 | |
| 7309183894 | Mandate of Heaven | Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China | 1 | |
| 7309183895 | Era of Warring States | The period of Chinese history (c. 402-220 BCE) characterized by the breakdown of the central government and feudal war.; regional rulers made their own armies and fought for control; during this time Zhou Dynasty disintegrated | 2 | |
| 7309183896 | Analects | A record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples | 3 | |
| 7309183897 | Confucianism | The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, activism in public affairs, and harmony in thought and conduct; merchants are thought to be despicable, parasitical people (do not have the interests of the state at heart) | 4 | |
| 7309183898 | Legalism | Chinese philosophy based on the idea that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws | 5 | |
| 7309183899 | Daoism | Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns | 6 | |
| 7309183900 | Qin Dyansty | (221-209 BCE); Chinese dynasty that recentralized various feudal kingdoms that had split apart at end of Zhou Dynasty; built fortification walls that eventually became Great Wall of China; dominant belief system was Legalism | 7 | |
| 7309183901 | Shi Huangdi | Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 BCE). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization (standardized laws, currencies, weights, measures, and system of writing). Refused to tolerate any dissent whatsoever | 8 | |
| 7309183902 | Han Dynasty | (202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Liu Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; characterized by time of prosperity (invented paper, sundials, calendars, rudders, calendars) | 9 | |
| 7309183903 | Han Wudi | Most important Han Emperor; expanded the Empire in all directions; created the Civil Service System; established public schools; trade thrived along Silk Roads | 10 | |
| 7309183904 | scholar-gentry | Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China | 11 | |
| 7309183905 | Civil Service | Administrative system of the traditional Chinese government, the members of which were selected by a competitive examination in the techniques of Confucian government. . | 12 | |
| 7309183906 | Chang'an | Ancient capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history, today known as Xi'an; location of the Terra Cotta Warriors | 13 | |
| 7309183907 | paper | Advances in technology during the Han Dynasty | 14 | |
| 7309183908 | eunuch | Castrated males used within households of Chinese emperors, usually to guard his concubines; became a political counterbalance to powerful marital relatives during later Han rule | 15 | |
| 7309183909 | concubine | A secondary wife, usually of inferior legal and social status | 16 | |
| 7309183911 | Silk Roads | A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.; Connected the European, Indian, and Chinese; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations | 17 | |
| 7309183912 | Socrates | (470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes | 18 | |
| 7309183913 | Plato | (430-347 BCE) A disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which he thought there was another world of perfection | 19 | |
| 7309183914 | Aristotle | (384-322 BCE) Believed, unlike his teacher Plato, that philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world; taught Alexander the Great | 20 | |
| 7309183915 | aristocracy | A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility | 21 | |
| 7309183916 | democracy | A system of government represented by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives | 22 | |
| 7309183917 | oligarchy | A form of government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self-appointed elite | 23 | |
| 7309183918 | direct democracy | A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives | 24 | |
| 7309183919 | indirect democracy | Form of democracy in which individuals are represented by appointed representatives | 25 | |
| 7309183920 | Athens | A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta; political, commercial, and cultural center of Greek civilization | 26 | |
| 7309183921 | Sparta | A powerful Greek military polis that was often at war with Athens; used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor; ruled by an oligarchy; focused on military; discouraged the arts; highly disciplined existance | 27 | |
| 7309183922 | Persian Wars | 5th century B.C.E wars between the Persian empire and Greek city-states; Greek victories allowed Greek civilization to define identity | 28 | |
| 7309183923 | Pericles | (495 BCE-429 BCE) Athenian statesman. He was the central ruler of Athens during its golden age. He was the central patron behind many of their achievements. He was also a very skilled speaker; established Delian League | 29 | |
| 7309183924 | Peloponnesian War | (431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north | 30 | |
| 7309183925 | Alexander the Great | Son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world | 31 | |
| 7309183926 | cosmopolitan | Common to or representative of many parts of the world; not national or local | 32 | |
| 7309183927 | Hellenistic Period | Blending of Egyptian, Persian and Greek culture; emphasis on philosophy and sciences | 33 | |
| 7309183931 | Stoicism | A philosophy that flourished in ancient Greece and Rome. Stoics believe that people should strictly restrain their emotions in order to attain happiness and wisdom; hence, they refused to demonstrate either joy or sorrow | 34 | |
| 7309183932 | geocentric theory of universe | Theory founded by Ptolemy [not the general] during the Hellenistic period. The idea that everything revolves around the Earth; under the Hellenistic sciences | 35 | |
| 7309183934 | Aryans | A group of people who traveled through central Asia and entered northern India through the Khyber Pass around 1500 BCE | 36 | |
| 7309183935 | Siddhartha Gautama | The Founder of Buddhism; born an Indian Prince in the 500s BCE; ave up his luxurious life to Meditate and discover The Four Noble Truths | 37 | |
| 7309183936 | Buddhism | A philosophy that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth; rejected caste system and Brahmin power | 38 | |
| 7309183937 | Four Noble Truths | 1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path | 39 | |
| 7309183938 | Jainism | Religion founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism; selfless living characterized by asceticism; concern for all living creatures; rejected caste system | 40 | |
| 7309183939 | Hinduism | A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms; evolved from Vedic tradition; strict caste system | 41 | |
| 7309183940 | caste system | A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life |  | 42 |
| 7309183941 | Brahmins | Hindu priests; at the highest social class | 43 | |
| 7309183942 | untouchables | An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work | 44 | |
| 7309183943 | sati | A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies | 45 | |
| 7309183944 | dharma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) a person's religious and moral duties | 46 | |
| 7309183945 | karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation | 47 | |
| 7309183946 | reincarnation | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding | 48 | |
| 7309183947 | Chandragupta Maurya | Founder of the Mauryan Empire who unified the smaller Aryan kingdoms into a civilization | 49 | |
| 7309183948 | Ashoka Maurya | The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, he took the Mauryan Empire to its height; famously converted to Buddhism after the deadly Kalinga Wars | 50 | |
| 7309183949 | Mauryan Empire | (321-185 BCE) First centralized empire of India founded by Chandragupta Maurya; characterized by powerful military, and wealth and power as a result of trade | 51 | |
| 7309183950 | Roman Republic | (509-27 BCE) Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies | 52 | |
| 7309183951 | Roman Empire | (27 BCE - 476 CE) Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe; ruled by an emperor; eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity | 53 | |
| 7309183952 | Augustus Caesar | The first empreror of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar; helped Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace | 54 | |
| 7309183953 | Pax Romana | 200-year period during and after the reign of Augustus; "Peace of Rome;" period of relative stability and prosperity throughout the empire; growth of arts (literature), architecture (roads and aqueducts) and sciences (astronomy) | 55 | |
| 7309183954 | Jesus | A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices; executed as a revolutionary by the Romans; hailed as the Messiah and son of God by his followers, he became the central figure in Christianity, a belief system that developed in the centuries after his death | 56 | |
| 7309183956 | Christianity | A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior | 57 | |
| 7309183957 | crucifixion | A form of execution used by the Romans in which the victim is nailed to a wooden cross and left to die slowly | 58 | |
| 7309183958 | Constantine | (274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE; issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians; founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire | 59 | |
| 7309183959 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th c A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program, including the Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code | 60 | |
| 7309183960 | Byzantium | The civilization that developed from the eastern Roman Empire following the death of the emperor Justinian (C.E. 565) until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 | 61 | |
| 7309183961 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul | 62 | |
| 7309183962 | Huns | Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome | 63 | |
| 7309183964 | Germanic peoples | Since the days of Julius Caesar, they coexisted with Rome on the Northern borders; when the Huns invaded, the people invaded Rome while trying to flee | 64 |
