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| 12127570733 | main ideas this period | -new states that arose following the collapse of the classical civilizations -interactions between these new states -tremendous growth in long distance trade -European decentralization -trade and military conflicts leading to the expansion of middle eastern and Chinese empires | 0 | |
| 12127799026 | Rise of Islam ! | -7th century ce, islam took hold of the middle east | 1 | |
| 12127826307 | What were the followers of islam called? ! | Muslims | 2 | |
| 12127831211 | Founder of Islam ! | Prophet Muhammad | 3 | |
| 12127835964 | Islamic Sacred Text ! | Quran | 4 | |
| 12127844280 | Dar Al Islam ! | an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule -Islamic Practicing world | 5 | |
| 12127867563 | Levant ! | -Present day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon -Muslims flourished here | 6 | |
| 12127880715 | Crusades ! | -A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Levant from Muslim rule -Action taken by medieval church by pope urban because he wanted jerusalem and to reunite roman catholicism and eastern orthodoxy Cause:Seljuk Turks expanded into christian territories including the Holy Land (modern day israel and palestine)-->Action: Pope Urban sent soldiers to holy land , crusades failed to produce any long term results despite occasional victories-->effects: east and west churches grew even farther apart, holy land remained in the hands of the muslims, crusades resulted in distrust between muslims and Christians -Motivated by religious beliefs and economic/political incentives -just as devastating as militarized expansion: had rape, death, pillaging, and slavery -lead to interactions between cultures, fueled trade, and opened europes eyes to its past that was preserved by Muslims-this was key to the renaissance Both the crusades and trade lead to cultural diffusion/ the spread of new ideas and technologies and broadened perspectives of the previously insular europeans, lead some europeans to question religion, and lead to heresies | 7 | |
| 12132226743 | Heresies # | religious practices and beliefs that do not conform to traditional church doctrine | 8 | |
| 12127911950 | Origin of Islam ! | -Mecca, Saudi Arabia -Anatolia/The Arabian Peninsula | 9 | |
| 12127943742 | Mecca key facts ! | -Muhammed grew up here -Mecca's location was key in trade routes between the meditteranean sea and indian ocean, which was partly responsible for the plethora of religions in mecca -Pilgrimage destination for many polytheistic religions -Citizens gained profit from all the trade and pilgrimage by by setting up shop to travelers | 10 | |
| 12128010112 | Hijra ! | Event referring to when Muhammad came into conflict with the leaders of mecca, muhammad and his believers were persecuted/threatened with death. Because of this, they fled to medina which is approximately 200 miles north of mecca, and muhammad and his followers found support in medina. This event marks year 1 on the Muslim calendar. | 11 | |
| 12128078930 | Muhammad's return to Mecca ! | -630 CE -Muhammad returned to mecca, where he destroyed pagan shrines. (Except the Ka'bah) | 12 | |
| 12128100047 | Ka'bah ! | Focal point of the Islamic pilgrimage to mecca |  | 13 |
| 12128123757 | Islamic Practice ! | -Muslims believe that salvation is achieved through submission to the will of Allah ~This can be accomplished through the five pillars of islam ~Guided by the concept of Jihad | 14 | |
| 12128166405 | Jihad ! | means "to struggle" -referred to as both the struggle to be a better Muslim and the struggle against nonbelievers | 15 | |
| 12128331905 | Five Pillars of Islam ! | -Confession of faith -Prayer five times a day -Fasting during ramadan -charity to the needy -pilgrimage to mecca atleast once in one's lifetime | 16 | |
| 12128404299 | Islam after Muhammad # | Abu Bakr became a caliph, with a theocratic empire. Bakr's empire was known as a caliphate. Tensions emerged around the issue of succession of caliphates. | 17 | |
| 12128456094 | Four Caliphs # | Abu Bakr Umar Uthman Ali -Ali was assassinated and succeeded by his son, Hasan. | 18 | |
| 12128492427 | Importance of Ali and Hasan # | Ali was not a blood relative of muhammad, so when he was assassinated and immediately succeeded by his son Hasan, tensions emerged because many muslims believed that Hasan should not have gotten automatically chosen to be a leader. This lead to the split of muslims into Shiite/Shia and Sunni. | 19 | |
| 12128550649 | Shiite/Shi'a Muslim # | The Shiites believed that Ali is the rightful heir to their empire. Basically, they believed that Hasan succeeding after his fathers death was allowed. | 20 | |
| 12128593407 | Sunni Muslim # | Larger group than the shiite, believed Ali was important BUT his hereditary line were not chosen successors. They didn't believe hasan had the right to leadership and the leader should be chosen from a broad base of people. | 21 | |
| 12128627646 | Caliphates ! | Islamic kingdoms and empires after the death of the Prophet Muhammad | 22 | |
| 12128858171 | Umayyad Dynasty ! | 661-750 AD -Dynasty where Hasan relinquished his title (Shia muslims) -Secular -Capital was Damascus, but mecca remained a spiritual center -Arabic became official language -Non-muslims were tolerated but taxed unless they converted to islam -Expanded into northern africa and spain -Ruled iberian city of cordoba, which was one of the richest and most sophisticated cities in Europe -# Sufism emerged as reaction against secularism -#Built dome of the rock, a sacred mosque on temple mount in Jerusalem (picture) |  | 23 |
| 12129053069 | Fall of Umayyad Dynasty ! | -Shia and non-muslims began to assert themselves, leading to a decline -Umayyad lost battle to Abu al-Abbas, who was a descendant of Muhammads uncle | 24 | |
| 12129114965 | Islam's move on Europe ! | 732 AD -Began move by way of iberian peninsula ~at this time muslims held most of iberian peninsula and southern italy, and christians dominated northern regions. -Charles Martel, a Frankish leader, stopped the muslim advance when it tried to move into paris, so the islamic religion never flourished in europe beyond spain and italy. | 25 | |
| 12129186366 | Abbasid Dynasty ! | 750-1258 AD -Followed the fall of the Umayyad dynasty -Cosmopolitan -Focused on expansion -Tolerated local customs (Jews and christians were persecuted in the Levant though) but encouraged conversion to islam -Capital city Baghdad -Introduced concept of credit -Learned from tang how to make paper -Built libraries and a university -Preserved learning from the ancient greek and romans -Located in middle east and north africa | 26 | |
| 12129298901 | Fall of the Abbasid Dynasty ! | - Grew too big and began to fragment into smaller kingdoms due to ethnic and sectarian rivalries. Pieces of empire were carved out by shia in northern iran, seljuk turks, and nomadic sunnis - Destroyed by Mongols in 1258 (Abbasids were too weak to fight back) -Abbasids fled to egypt where they were safe but powerless -Ottoman turks reunited egypt, syria, and arabia into a new islamic state that would last until 1918 | 27 | |
| 12129596645 | Islamic Advancements # | -Manufacturing played an important role along with trade -many achievements in mathematics and medicine, especially algebra -Muhammad al-Razi published a massive medical encyclopedia | 28 | |
| 12129755817 | Indian Ocean Trade ! | -Maritime network -Persians and arabs dominated it -Connected ports in western india to ports in the persian gulf, which were connected to ports in eastern africa -travel was dependent on monsoon winds -Sailors befriended civilians and married women at the end of their trade routes which resulted in mixing of cultures and languages | 29 | |
| 12129804598 | Women and Islam # | -The emergence of islam both gave freedoms to women and kept women stifled Before the Quran -Arabia: Women were viewed as property -Men could keep a women's dowry after divorcing her -Baby girls were less valuable than baby boys leading to infantcide What the Quran Changed -Women were still subservient but had legal rights -Became seen as equal to allah -men had to return dowry after divorce -Infantcide was forbidden -women gained influence in home and occasionally outside of it Medieval Islamic Society -men could as many as four wives as long as they were supported and treated equal -women had to be faithful to one man -womens testimony was not as valued as mens testimony in court -women occasionally has to be veiled in public, which is a mesopotamian/persian tradition adopted by islam | 30 | |
| 12130425684 | Middle Ages ! | Also known as the medieval period, the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century. | 31 | |
| 12130439808 | West and Eastern factions of Christianity ! | West -empire collapsed entirely but christianity kept a strong foothold Eastern Roman Empire -centered in constantinople -became Byzantine Empire | 32 | |
| 12130475310 | Byzantine Empire ! | -Used greek language -own architecture and distinctive domes -shared similarities with eastern cultures -achieved thriving industries by trading with foreign countries -used coined money -Practiced orthodox christianity |  | 33 |
| 12130551814 | Justinian ! | Reigned Byzantine empire from 527-565 AD somewhat restored former roman empire glory in Constantinople (# christian constantinople rivaled Islamic baghdad) Attempted to regain the land of the roman empire, but twenty years of wars with the ostrogoths in italy prevented him. | 34 | |
| 12130616994 | Law Under Justinian # | -one of justinians most notable contributions was the codification of roman law known as justinians code. This kept ancient roman legal codes alive although justinian added laws of his own. -The first major test of this code occured during the nika riots | 35 | |
| 12130667756 | Nika Riots @ | Hippodrome, home of byz chariot races, housed fierce rivalry between the blues and greens --> Justinian was a blue, but was derided by fans of both teams in the stadium-->rival teams united as one and started a riot storming justinians palace--> justinian wanted to flee but his wife made him stay to defend constantinople-->rioters attempted to crown Hypatius as emperor-->justinian sent generals to the hippodrome--> justinian reminded the blues that justinian was a blue and hypatius was a green--> blues joined generals in stopping the ceremony--> Hypatius was executed, rioters were killed, justinian remained in power | 36 | |
| 12130793213 | Byzantine Art # | -While the byz saw themselves as the roman empires natural heir, their art was unlike roman art -mosaics were key, they were used to decorate churches with elaborate tile patterns -pictured: Mosaic of justinian, one of the most well known mosaics |  | 37 |
| 12130831985 | Hagia Sophia # | -When rebuilding constantinople after the nika riots, justinian commissioned the construction of many buildings and churches -Hagia Sophia was notable and used many classical architectural techniques -Hagis sophia helped justinian establish what he considered a new roman empire |  | 38 |
| 12130881410 | East-West Schism ! | 1054 AD -officially seperated christianity into orthodox and roman Catholicism | 39 | |
| 12130898669 | Roman Catholicism ! | -Centralized church -In the West -Required common liturgy spoken in latin -Political leadership was often under control of the church | 40 | |
| 12130989102 | Orthodox Christianity ! | -Eastern, Byzantine Empire -less centralized -services spoken in whatever the local language was -emperors conducted both politics and the church, church practices were localized but not political authority | 41 | |
| 12131044583 | West Europe in the Middle Ages ! | -not as unified as east -multiple kingdoms, some of which used fuedalism | 42 | |
| 12131071325 | Fuedalism ! | -Strict hierarchy ~Kings ~Nobles: Granted power over sections of kingdom, Given land in return for military service and loyalty, Governed manors (large estates) ~Vassals: Lesser lords, recieved protection and a place to live in exchange for work ~Peasants:worked the land, recieved protection in exchange for work | 43 | |
| 12131159969 | Western agricultural breakthroughs # | -Manors were self sufficient -three field system~Rotation of three fields, one for fall harvest, one for spring, and one unseeded to reimburse nutrients -Horse collar~ harness around a horses neck for ploughing or wagoning | 44 | |
| 12131240797 | Merchants in the Feudal system ! | ~mercantilism introduced opportunity for social climbing ~as trade increased in importance, wealthy merchants popped up around manors ~manors lost power ~burghers (middle class merchants) became more powerful and passed vassals/lords ~This lead to towns forming alliances with one another ~Hanseatic League was formed, which controlled trade throughout much of northern europe (picture) |  | 45 |
| 12131446610 | Franks conversion to Empire ! | ~Germanic tribes settled throughout western europe ~most tribes converted to christianity relatively quickly, but politically ran their own shows ~came into regular conflict with one another, formed alliances, and expanded ~Most significant early kingdom was the franks/clovis, lead by King Clovis | 46 | |
| 12131524584 | King Clovis ! | -United tribes to create the frankish kingdom -kingdom stretched from modern day germany to belgium to france, paris was the capital -converted to catholicism ~his empire declined after his death because it was divided among his sons -he helped to solidify much of western europe ( this helped charles martel later to stop the spread of islam) | 47 | |
| 12131634469 | Charles Martel # | Clovis's Descendant Founded the Carolingian Dynasty Stopped Islam from spreading to europe | 48 | |
| 12131691176 | Pepin the Short # | Clovis's Descendant Chose to have his succession certified by the pope , sending clear message that the empires legitimacy relied on Catholic approval | 49 | |
| 12131728518 | Charlemagne # | Clovis's descendant 800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire emphasized arts and education | 50 | |
| 12131817789 | Holy Roman Empire ! | Charlemagne began to centralize power despite the presence of many kingdoms -Built by charlemagne -much smaller than original roman empire -did not last long at its peak size, local lords held power of local territories, and no taxes were needed so empire eventually fell |  | 51 |
| 12131932859 | Treaty of Verdun # | after the death of Charlemagne and his son louis, the holy remain empire was divided into thirds among Louis's three grandsons by this treaty | 52 | |
| 12131960239 | Pope Innocent III # | Issued strict decrees on church doctrine. Under him... -Heretics and Jews were frequently persecuted -A fourth, extremely unsuccessful, crusade was attempted | 53 | |
| 12132464988 | Inquisition ! | set into motion by Pope Gregory IX, under inquisition... -heretics underwent formalized persecution -punishment of non believers resulted in exile and execution | 54 | |
| 12132636215 | Scholasticism # | the introduction of new thoughts an technologies weakened supremacy of the church by encouraging people to think more openly. This encouraged the founding of universities where men could learn about the advances muslims made in philosophy, law, and medicine | 55 | |
| 12132679321 | Thomas Aquinas # | Famous christian theologian, produced Summa Theologica which states that faith and reason do not conflict with each other and are both gifts from god and should enhance each other | 56 | |
| 12132706756 | Black Death ! | Bubonic Plague, started in 14th century asia and spread along trade routes (pictured) carried by merchants Causes: -mongol control of the asian silk routes increased interaction between europe and asia -crowded conditions in european cities -lack of european sanitation and medical knowledge Effects: -destroyed entire communities and killed 1/3 of people in western europe -quickened decline of fuedal society because many manors were unable to function -brought about shift towards commercial economy, more individual freedom, and the development of new industries -Sped up social and economic movements that were already impacting europe |  | 57 |
| 12133015721 | Origins of Nation-states ! | Today's european nations involved a coming together of people with shared histories, indentities, languages, and cultures. Three Nation states in depth: Nation: England Origin:William the Conqueror led an invasion during a power struggle, began tradition of a strong monarchy in england Challenge: One of william's descendants, King John, fell out of favor with his nobles because he was a horrible person and weak leader Legacy: Magna Carta laid out the foundation for Parliament Nation: France Origin: King Hugh Capet ruled small area around Paris, but the next few kings expanded this territory Challenge:England began to claim large parts of modern day france, and by the 15th century, england claimed the entire french territory Growth:Joan of the Arc stated that she heard voices telling her to get france from the hands of the english and she convinced the french authorities to let her lead an army, and she successfully got the english to retreat out of Orleans Legacy: Joan of the Arc, despite being executed by the british, had a significant impact on the hundred years war and is the reason for modern day france Nation: Spain Origin:Queen Isabella married Ferdiand, in 1469 and unified spain under a single monarchy Challenge:The king and queen formed an alliance with the catholic church which ended religious tolerance in the region Growth:newly unified and energized, spain embarked on an imperial quest that lead to tremendous wealth and glory and spread spanish language, christianity, and much more to the new world Legacy:Marked spanish inquisition- forced conversion or flee of non christian Spaniards | 58 | |
| 12133450375 | interregnum ! | time between rulers -Germany and italy, surrounded by independent townships and kingdoms, became decentralized during and interregnum. In this environment, tradespeople and merchants became more powerful (through groups such as the hanseatic league, for example) | 59 | |
| 12133500491 | Medieval Russia ! | St. Cyril converted many slavis people to christianity. Vladimir, a russian prince from kiev, set envoys to study the worlds religions, eventually landing on orthodox christianity for his country and abandoning paganism. | 60 | |
| 12133562074 | Differences between Russia and western Europe ! | West Europe -Roman Catholicism -Spent middle ages rebuilding into kingdoms after germanic raids that resulted in the fall of rome -power of royals decreased as nobles asserted themselves against monarchs and burghers used economic influence to gain a powerful foothold Russia -Orthodox Christianity -Spent century ruled by tartars/golden horde, a group of mongols who defeated russia in 1242 AD -Russian prince power grew after decline of mongols, Ivan the Terrible/Ivan III consolidated russian power and ruled ruthlessly and had secret police against his own nobles | 61 | |
| 12133757936 | Developments in China ! | Three Powerful Dynasties during this period: Tang~618-903 Song~960-1279 Ming~1368-1644 All three experienced their own unique golden ages. The song dynasty followed the tang dynasty, but the Ming and Tang were seperated by a domination of the mongols known as the Yuan dynasty. song-yellow tang-green |  | 62 |
| 12133881760 | Notable Chinese Emperors # | Wu Zhao (690-705), Tang, First and only empress of china, was both ruthless toward adversaries and compassionate toward peasants Xuan-Zong (712-756), Tang, expanded chinese territory into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, tibet, and korea, Tang eventually collapsed under its own weight from this Taizu (960-976), Song, Reunified china after the collapse of the tang dynasty | 63 | |
| 12133952627 | Reasons for stability during tang and song Dynasties # | Bureaucratic system kept government employees remaining in their positions despite changing regimes Tribute system helped to assert supremacy of China to smaller nations like Vietnam and Korea Military garrisons were maintained along central Asian trade routes | 64 | |
| 12134031958 | An Lushan Rebellion @ | Peasant rebellion that severely weakened china during the Tang dynasty- Similar to Nika riots but this happened for 7 years | 65 | |
| 12134076986 | Chinese Culture ! | INNOVATION -Song and tang dynasties made strides towards practically every human endeavor Tang: -Gunpowder -Magnetic Clock -Poetry -Porcelain Song: -encyclopedias -Histories -Junks (Ships) -Magnetic Compass -Moveable Type (brought literacy to the lower classes) -Paper money (flying Money) NOT forward thinking of gender roles -Foot binding | 66 | |
| 12134155817 | Religion in China # | Chang'an was a renowned trade center and cosmopolitan city where religious tolerance was practiced Following the fall of the Han Dynasty, a number of relihions influenced china: -Buddhism (greatest Impact) -Daoism -Nestorianism -Manicheaism -Zoroastrianism -Islam | 67 | |
| 12134231827 | Developments in Japan ! | Being an island, Japan was relatively isolated, ideas and religions traveled but cultural exchange remained limited Yamato Clan: japans first important ruling family, emerged as leaders in the 5th century and is the only dynasty to have ruled japan | 68 | |
| 12134328584 | Fuedal Japan ! | Like europe, the socioeconomic hierarchy was bound together in a land for loyalty exchange -Emperor -Shogun: Held true administrative power -Daimvo: Samurai -Peasants, Artisans- Worked fields and shops to support the samurai class | 69 | |
| 12134489797 | Religion in Japan ! | Shinto -Worshipped Kami, spirits found in nature -Yamato claimed that the emperor was a direct descendant of the sun goddess, which helped the clan to stay in power Buddhism did not replace shintoism, but combined beliefs | 70 | |
| 12134543088 | Rise and Fall of the Mongols ! | Genghis Khan -Possessed exceptional leadership and organizational skills -unified several nomadic tribes of mongolia Mongol Invasion of China -Took place in 1234 CE -Beginning of extensive conquests Mongol Empire -Stretched from the pacific ocean to eastern europe -Overthrown by ming dynasty in 1368 -Largest contiguous empire in history -Highly organized and noble, nomadic Death of genghis khan -Followers split into different groups called hordes -Elected subsequent new great khans to rule Kublai Khan -Put regulations on deaths from mongol raids Pax Mongolica -continuous peace within the empire allowed for exchange of goods, ideas, and culture between distant regions Mongols spread culture because of their tolerance of the cultures of those they conquered Silk Road had another heyday under mongol rule leading to more cultural diffusion |  | 71 |
| 12134836578 | Developments in East Africa ! | Kush and Axum civilizations developed to south of egypt in the upper reaches of the Nile River Kush -founded 1070 BC -750 BC: Kush conquered egypt -Kush became center of iron works and trade -Kingdom falls in 350 AD Axum -rose after kush empire ~Economy -coastal location made it ideal for trade -traded with overseas muslims -swahili traders brought slaves, gold, and ivory -wealth gained by trade resulted in growth of powerful kingdoms and trading cities along the coast -these cities then became cultural and political centers ~Religion -Axum empire converted to Christianity, but many later converted to islam -Axum were in constant contact with the Mediterranean world -Islam eventually spread through most of east asia ~Culture -Spread was influenced bythe coat's links to persia, india, and southeast asia through the shipping lanes of indian ocean trade -These influences created swahili culture, swahili language is a combination of bantu and arabic | 72 | |
| 12135000522 | West Africa ! | Ghana, Mali, Songhai were south of the sahara and had a harder time accessing trade routes and less cultural diffusion, however when islamic traders headed into africa in search of fertile soil the two cultures began to interact and traded salt and gold and diffusion of some culture Ghana -Islamic group trying to convert them waged a holy war, ghana won but fell into decline Mali -Peaceful transition followed as the region had already converted to islam | 73 | |
| 12135056263 | Mansa Musa ! | Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. | 74 | |
| 12135063350 | Songhai Empire ! | Largest empire is west africa Timbuktu became major cultural center during songhai empire and had a university that drew in scholars from around the islamic world | 75 | |
| 12135084150 | Developments in the Americas ! | Three great civilazations that ruled the americas: Aztecs, Incas, Mayas who were the maya? -agriculutural, city states, engaged in long distance trade, cities warred with one another, located in southern mexico who were the aztec? -bureaucratic, regions could self conquer, did human sacrifice, involved in weaving and commerce, located in central mexico who were the incas? -located in peru, bureaucratic, no private property, often did conquest, polytheistic, women could pass on property and have religious roles | 76 | |
| 12135223618 | Trade in Americas ! | Mayan and aztec civilizations established mesoamerican trade routes around southern mexico and the yucatan Incan civilization used the andes trade routes to maintain economic movement in a difficult to traverse terrain | 77 | |
| 12129923658 | Islam: Ask Yourself... | 1.How did trade routes impact the development of islam? 2.What impact did islam have on art and sciences? | 78 | |
| 12129029593 | ! | must know | 79 | |
| 12133715024 | East and West Europe: Ask Yourself... | 1.How did the differences between religious and political aspects of east and west europe contribute to cultural diffusion? 2.How did the early challenges nation-states experienced ultimately solidify nationhood? | 80 | |
| 12134784812 | Asia: Ask Yourself... | 1.What impact did the mongols have on trade and diffusion of culture? | 81 | |
| 12135089875 | Africa: Ask yourself... | 1. How did islam diffuse to africa? | 82 | |
| 12129036766 | # | should know | 83 | |
| 12129040098 | @ | helpful | 84 |
