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| 9414941105 | Vasco De Gama | Portuguese, sailed beneath the southern tip of Africa into the Indian Ocean | 0 | |
| 9414941106 | Magellan, Ferdinand | Portuguese mariner who commanded the first European (Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1521). | 1 | |
| 9414941108 | Aztec Empire | Empire in central Mexico, capital was Tenochtitlan, military based empire; conquered by Cortez | 2 | |
| 9414941109 | Montezuma | Ninth Aztec emperor, famous for his confrontation with Hernes Cortes | 3 | |
| 9414941110 | Cavavels | A small, highly maneuverable sailing ship created by the Portuguese | 4 | |
| 9414941112 | Columbian Exchange | Trade of livestock, vegetables, coffee, tobacco, disease, and slaves from the Old World to the New World, caused a dramatic demographic shift in the Americas | 5 | |
| 9414941113 | Jamestown | First British colony in North America (Virginia), named after King James I of England | 6 | |
| 9414941114 | Little Ice Age | Period between 1300-1870 in which Europe and North America were subjected to colder winds | 7 | |
| 9414941115 | Chattel Slavery | The owning of human beings as property | 8 | |
| 9414941119 | Peninsulars | A European from the Iberian Peninsula (i.e. Spain and Portugal) living in the Americas, small % of the population | 9 | |
| 9414941120 | Creole | Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America, usually implies an upper class status. | 10 | |
| 9414941122 | Treaty of Tordesillas | An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | 11 | |
| 9414941123 | Francisco Pizzaro (Spain) | Spanish conquistador, killed Inca Empire and brought the lands under Spanish control | 12 | |
| 9414941124 | Erasmus | Catholic priest, learned to speak Greek so he could translate the original bible | 13 | |
| 9414941125 | Humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements | 14 | |
| 9414941127 | Diet of Worms | Meeting between Pope Leo X, Charles V, and Martin Luther, Pope Leo tries to make Luther repent his sins, Luther leaves as a heratic | 15 | |
| 9414941128 | John Calvin | religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society | 16 | |
| 9414941131 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended the Thirty Years War, allowed German princes to choose their faith, Europe is permanently religiously divided | 17 | |
| 9414941132 | Henry VIII | Tudor family, created the Church of England, had six wives | 18 | |
| 9414941133 | Elizabeth I | (1533-1603) Protestant Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time. She was the daughter of Henry VIII. | 19 | |
| 9414941134 | Absolute Monarchy | A form of government in which the king has absolute authority over the state | 20 | |
| 9414941137 | Glorious Revolution | The overthrow of James II of England by William and Mary of Orange, "bloodless revolution" | 21 | |
| 9414941140 | Adam Smith | Scottish philosopher and economist, wrote the "wealth of nations" | 22 | |
| 9414941142 | Indentured Servant | Men or woman who signed a contract in by which they agreed to work a certain number of years in exchange for food, transportation, and housing (North America) | 23 | |
| 9414941143 | Songhai Empire | Western African empire in the 15th and 16th century | 24 | |
| 9414941144 | King Alfonso I | First African king to convert to Catholicism | 25 | |
| 9414941145 | Triangular Trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa | 26 | |
| 9414941147 | African Diaspora | The spreading of Africans to many other parts of the world, especially the Americas. This is one of the most important demographic changes during 1450 - 1750 | 27 | |
| 9414941148 | Romanov Dynasty | The second dynasty to rule over Russia, ruled until the 20th century | 28 | |
| 9414941149 | Peter the Great | (1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 29 | |
| 9414941150 | Catherine the Great | Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) | 30 | |
| 9414941151 | Zheng He | Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia | 31 | |
| 9414941152 | Ming Dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China and adopted policy of isolationism. | 32 | |
| 9414941154 | Tokugawa Ieyusa | Created a centralized government in Japan, rejected relationships with westerners (except for the Dutch) | 33 | |
| 9414941156 | Sultan Mehmed II | Ottoman ruler who sacked Constantinople, effectively ending the Byzantine empire. Renamed it Istanbul and then absorbed the lands of Byzantium. | 34 | |
| 9414941157 | Suleiman the Magnificent | The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. | 35 | |
| 9414941158 | Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. | 36 | |
| 9414941159 | Safavid Empire | Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. | 37 | |
| 9414941160 | Shah Ismail | Founder of Safavid Empire in 1501, ruled until 1524; made Twelver Shiism the official religion of the empire and imposed it upon his Sunni subjects; his followers became known as qizilbash. | 38 | |
| 9414941161 | Shah Abbas | Took the Safavid Empire into its golden age, created an empire that took the best out of all neighboring cultures including Ottomans and Persians, reformed military and civilian life in the empire | 39 | |
| 9414941164 | Aurangzeb | Great grandson of Akbar; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; intolerant--reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707. | 40 | |
| 9414941165 | Taj Mahal | Beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife | 41 | |
| 9414941168 | Lutheranism | The religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; It was the first Protestant faith | 42 | |
| 9414941169 | Calvinism (John Calvin) | A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin. He took over the reform movement in Switzerland after Ulrich Zwingli was killed. Luther and Calvin disagreed on the idea of predestination. They were a militant protestant group. | 43 | |
| 9414941170 | The Renaissance | "rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome | 44 | |
| 9414941171 | Leonardo Da Vinci | Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, he filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter he is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503). | 45 | |
| 9414941172 | Michelangelo | (1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David. | 46 | |
| 9414941173 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 - Granted the Huguenots (French Protestants) liberty of conscience and worship. | 47 | |
| 9414941174 | Huguenots | French Protestants of the 1500s and 1600s; influenced by Calvin; were the persecuted minority in France; Edict of Nantes gave them liberty to worship. | 48 | |
| 9414941176 | Akbar the Great | The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India. | 49 | |
| 9414941178 | Conquistadores | Spanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires. | 50 | |
| 9414941179 | Constantinople, 1453 | The capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror," an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium. | 51 | |
| 9414941181 | Devshirme | The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps. | 52 | |
| 9414941182 | The Great Dying | Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas. | 53 | |
| 9414941183 | Jizya | Special tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states; the Mughal Empire was notable for abolishing it for a time. | 54 | |
| 9414941184 | Mercantilism | An economic theory that argues that governments best serve their states' economic interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals like gold and silver). | 55 | |
| 9414941185 | Mestizo | Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas. | 56 | |
| 9414941186 | Mughal Empire | One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks (who claimed some decent from Mongols) who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims. | 57 | |
| 9414941187 | Mulatto | Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood. | 58 | |
| 9414941188 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. | 59 | |
| 9414941190 | plantation agriculture | Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America. | 60 | |
| 9414941191 | Qing Dynasty | (1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture, | 61 | |
| 9414941193 | Siberia | Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals. | 62 | |
| 9414941195 | British/Dutch East India companies | Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples. | 63 | |
| 9414941196 | Daimyo | Feudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors. | 64 | |
| 9414941199 | Middle Passage | Name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas. | 65 | |
| 9414941200 | Samurai | The warrior elite of medieval Japan. | 66 | |
| 9414941201 | Shogun | In Japan, a supreme military commander. | 67 | |
| 9414941202 | Spanish Phillipines | An archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization | 68 | |
| 9414941203 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early seventeenth century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments. | 69 | |
| 9414941204 | Trading post empire | 16th Century. Built initially by the Portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there. | 70 | |
| 9414941205 | Catholic Counter-Reformation | An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability. | 71 | |
| 9414941206 | Copernicus | Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos. | 72 | |
| 9414941207 | Council of Trent | The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses. | 73 | |
| 9414941209 | The Enlightenment | A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. | 74 | |
| 9414941210 | Galileo | Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who use of a telescope further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church. | 75 | |
| 9414941212 | Jesuits in China | Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success | 76 | |
| 9414941213 | Martin Luther | German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe. | 77 | |
| 9414941214 | Isaac Newton | English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution. | 78 | |
| 9414941215 | Ninety-Five Theses | List of debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity. | 79 | |
| 9414941216 | Protestant Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began with Martin Luther as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. | 80 | |
| 9414941217 | Scientific Revolution | A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. | 81 | |
| 9414941218 | Sikhism | Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women. | 82 | |
| 9414941219 | Thirty Years War | Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648). | 83 | |
| 12515352430 | Ivan the Terrible | (1533-1584) He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. Ended Mongol raids, modernized the army, but created law that turned peasants to serfs. Earned his nickname for terrorizing his perceived enemies, even killing his own son. | 84 | |
| 12515361659 | Ivan III (the Great) | Ivan III, was the Grand Duke of Moscow, ended Mongol domination of his dukedom, extended territories, subdued nobles, and attained absolute power; made Moscow the center of a new Russian state with a central government | 85 | |
| 12515379496 | Oprichniki | Secret police force that was created by Ivan the Terrible | 86 | |
| 12515387261 | Baltic Sea (port) | Russia tried to get a port here under Ivan IV (the Terrible) but succeeded under Peter the Great; however, it freezes over during winter months. | 87 | |
| 12515400273 | Black Sea (Port) | Peter the Great fought the Ottoman Turks for access to this warm water port; Catherine the Great succeeded. | 88 | |
| 12515410269 | Peter III of Russia | Emperor of Russia for only 6 months in 1762. He could hardly speak Russian and was unpopular; overthrown by his wife, Catherine the Great. | 89 | |
| 12515418467 | joint-stock company | A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts. | 90 | |
| 12515421346 | limited liability | A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments. This helped investors be more willing to take risks and therefore expanded exploration and trade c. 1500-1750. | 91 | |
| 12515437287 | Inca Mita System | mandatory government service/labor (ie road project etc) from ages 15-50; Spanish took this over and required work to help with their commercial mining and agricultural interests. | 92 | |
| 12515445917 | Sugar Plantations | Found in southern Brazil and the Caribbean Islands during c. 1450-1750, the development of these that led to an intensification of the Portuguese involvement in the African slave trade. 85% of African slaves were sent here and had the harshest slave codes. | 93 | |
| 12515471849 | God, Gold, Glory | 3 motives for Spanish Exploration in the Americas | 94 | |
| 12515476622 | Prince Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. | 95 | |
| 12515481021 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) | 96 | |
| 12515486714 | Manchus | Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties. | 97 | |
| 12515495786 | Hacienda system | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy. | 98 | |
| 12515500830 | Indentured Servants | Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years | 99 | |
| 12515517425 | Malacca Sultanate | An Islamic state founded in the important trade location of the Straits of Malacca, where a Muslim minority ruled. | 100 | |
| 12515522181 | Songhay Empire | A Muslim state located in western Africa from the early 15th to the late 16th centuries following the decline of the Mali Empire. | 101 | |
| 12515528926 | Lief Ericson | Was the first person to reach North America, 500 years before Columbus | 102 | |
| 12515528927 | Henry Hudson | An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him | 103 | |
| 12515534246 | Captain James Cook | English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779). | 104 | |
| 12515541504 | Transoceanic travel in 1500 | a. Made possible by new navigational tools (caravels, new maps), better ships, ability to create outposts | 105 | |
| 12515549390 | Astrolabe | An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets | 106 | |
| 12515551768 | Fluyt | A shallow-draft ship of large capacity, which enabled Dutch transport of enormous quantities of cereals, timber, and iron: | 107 | |
| 12515555311 | Carracks | a large merchant ship of a kind operating in European waters in the 14th to the 17th century. | 108 | |
| 12515560464 | Caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. | 109 | |
| 12515566888 | wind patterns | Europeans better understanding of these patterns made sea trade more profitable. | 110 | |
| 12515591965 | Small Pox | Disease spread by Europeans in the Americas. Led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans in North and South America | 111 | |
| 12515595233 | Saint Petersburg | Founded by Peter the Great, Imperial capital of Russia; important trade city because of location of the Baltic Sea. | 112 | |
| 12515603651 | Royal chartered monopoly companies | A monopoly given to a company by the government (i.e. the East India Company) | 113 | |
| 12515628576 | Sufism | An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin. | 114 | |
| 12515636225 | Syncretism | The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions. | 115 | |
| 12515636226 | Vodun | or voodoo is a New World syncretic faith that combines the animist faiths of West Africa with Christianity | 116 | |
| 12515647768 | William Shakespeare (1564-1616) | English Renaissance writer and playwright, he is considered by many to be the greatest English writer of all time. | 117 | |
| 12515647769 | Northern Renaissance | the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature; Art "perfected" realism | 118 | |
| 12515661128 | Sundiata | the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes | 119 | |
| 12515664310 | Cervantes | Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616) | 120 | |
| 12515667423 | Kabuki | a type of Japanese drama in which music, dance, and mime are used to present stories | 121 | |
| 12515677999 | wood block prints | Japanese artform, Ukiyo-e school, depict nature and landscapes,historical tales | 122 | |
| 12515681418 | Ottoman miniature painting | small paintings often of the achievements of Ottoman sultans |  | 123 |
| 12515724100 | Qing Imperial Portraits | Portraits of Qing emperors used to legitimize their rule |  | 124 |
| 12515731165 | Chinese Civil Service | in Ancient China, the process of giving government jobs to people who were educated and had good test results | 125 |
