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AP World Period 4 Flashcards

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6127137185Vasco De GamaPortuguese, sailed beneath the southern tip of Africa into the Indian Ocean0
6127137186MagellanPortuguese, tried to sail around the World1
6127137187British East India ComapnyJoint-stock company, monopoly over trade. 1600, started by individual citizens who would travel to India and resell the goods in England for higher prices2
6127137188Aztec EmpireEmpire in central Mexico, capital was Tenochtitlan, military based empire. Conquered by Cortez.3
6127137189MontezumaNinth Aztec emperor, famous for his confrontation with Hernes Cortes4
6127137190CavavelsA small, highly maneuverable sailing ship created by the Portuguese5
6127137192Colombian ExchangeTrade of livestock, vegetables, coffee, tobacco, disease, and slaves from the Old World to the New World, caused a dramatic demographic shift in the Americas6
6127137195Chattel SlaveryThe owning of human beings as property7
6127137196Louis XIVRevoked the Edict of Nantes, ruled for 72 years, known as the "sun king"8
6127137197MercantilismA system in which a country accumulates wealth through trade9
6127137198SikhismA syncretic religion formed in the late 15th century in India10
6127137199Mt. PotosiSilver mine in Peru11
6127137200CreolesA European born in the Americas12
6127137201MestizosA person with both European and Native descent13
6127137202Treaty of TordesillasA compromise between the Spanish and the Portuguese which gave both of them land in the Americas14
6127137203PizzaroSpanish conquistador, killed Inca Empire and brought the lands under Spanish control15
6127137204ErasmusCatholic priest, learned to speak Greek so he could translate the original bible (Christian Humanist)16
6127137205HumanismThe ideology that focuses on individual achievement17
6127137206Council of TrentA meeting to make reforms to the Catholic church in response to the Protestant reformation18
6127137207Diet of WormsMeeting between Pope Leo X, Charles V, and Martin Luther, Pope Leo tries to make Luther repent his sins, Luther leaves as a heratic19
6127137208John Calvinpre-destination: god's plan20
6127137209Society of Jesus (Jesuits)A society devoted to Catholic education and missionary work21
6127137210Thirty Years WarA series of wars in the Holy Roman Empire, ended in 1648 with the treaty of Westphalia22
6127137211Treaty of WestphaliaEnded the Thirty Years War, allowed German princes to choose their faith, Europe is permanently religiously divided23
6127137212Henry VIIITudor family, created the Church of England, had six wives24
6127137214Absolute MonarchyA form of government in which the king has absolute authority over the state25
6127137215Charles IDidn't work with parliament, raised tax to be apart of the Thirty Years War, arrested the Parliament which led to the English Civil War, Executed for treason26
6127137216Oliver CromwellNew leader of the English republic/commonwealth, had strict puritan laws (anti-anglican, extreme protestant)27
6127137217Glorious RevolutionThe overthrow of James II by William and Mary of Orange, "bloodless revolution"28
6127137220Adam SmithScottish philosopher and economist, wrote the "wealth of nations"29
6127137221Hacienda(spanish) a large estate or plantation with a dwelling house30
6127137222Indentured ServantMen or woman who signed a contract in by which they agreed to work a certain number of years in exchange for food, transportation, and housing (North America)31
6127137224King Alfonso IFirst African king to convert to Catholicism, partnered with Portugal in slave trade32
6127137225Triangular Slave TradeThe exchange of crops, livestock, luxury goods, and slaves between Europe, Africa, and the New World33
6127137226Middle PassageThe transfer of slaves across the Atlantic Ocean, horrible conditions, 25% died on voyage34
6127137227African DiasporaSpread of Africans, creation of African-American culture35
6127137228Romanov DynastyThe second dynasty to rule over Russia, ruled until the 20th century36
6127137229Peter the GreatWesternized Russia, creates a naval military first, creates city of St. Petersburg, created social laws37
6127137230Catherine the GreatMost renowned and and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia38
6127137231Zheng HeChinese explorer, traveled to regions such as Asia and Africa39
6127137232Ming DynastyOverthrew the Yuan Dynasty (Mongols), focused on the restoration of Chinese culture (meritocracy, mandate of heaven, confucianism), banned foreigners40
6127137233Qing DynastyRun by Manchurians, last Chinese dynasty41
6127137234Tokugawa IeyusaCreated a centralized government in Japan, rejected relationships with westerners (except for the Dutch)42
6127137235Ottoman EmpireLongest Islamic empire, expands with the fall of the Byzantine empire43
6127137236Sultan Mehmed II"the conqueror", Islamic Sultan who sieged Constantinople and expanded the Ottoman empire44
6127137237Sultan Suleiman the MagnificentExpands the Ottoman empire into N. Africa and E. Africa, makes education reforms, gives Jews/Christians protection under the law45
6127137238JanissariesElite Islamic military46
6127137239Safavid EmpireIslamic empire based in Persia47
6127137240Shah IsmailUnites the people under religion, thought to be the 12th Imam who will spread true Islam48
6127137241Shah AbbasConsidered the strongest ruler of the Safavid Dynasty49
6127137242Mughal EmpireIslamic state in India ran by turkish people, overthrows the Sulnate of Dehli50
6127137243AkbarA sultanate of the Mughal Empire, Expands into S. India, unifies the state, religiously tolerant, works w/ ottomans51
6127137244AurangzebA sultanate of the Mughal Empire, burns down Hindu temples, triples taxes on Hindus52
6127137245Taj MahelAn ivory-white marble mausoleum, commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, to house the tomb of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal53
6127137246Martin LutherGerman monk, upsetted by activities taking place in the Roman Catholic Church54
6127137247Diet of WormsA meeting between Pope Leo X, Charles V, and Martin Luther to discuss Luther's acts of heresy55
6127137248LutheranismAuthority straight from the Bible, free will- all of us are sinners, spoke in the vernacular56
6127137249CalvanismJohn Calvin, pre-destination57
6127137250The Renaissance14th and 15th century Europe, rebirth of liberal arts, starts in Italy58
6127137251Leonardo Da VinciArtist, Inventor, Botanist, Invented sanitation systems and flying machines, painted the Mona Lisa, wrote backwards59
6127137252MichelangeloDa Vinci's rival, statue of David, Sistine chapel60
6127137253Edict of NantesAllowed French Protestants to worship freely61
6127137254HuguenotsFrench Protestants62
6127137255GalileoUses telescope to prove heliocentrism, work was banned by the Catholic church and he was put on house arrest63
6127137256AkbarThe most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.64
6127137257Columbian ExchangeThe massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization.65
6127137258ConquistadoresSpanish conquerors of the Native American lands, most notably the Aztec and Inca empires.66
6127137259Constantinople, 1453The capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror," an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.67
6127137260CreolesSpaniards born in the Americas.68
6127137261DevshirmeThe tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.69
6127137263JizyaSpecial tax levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states; the Mughal Empire was notable for abolishing it for a time.70
6127137264MercantilismAn economic theory that argues that governments best serve their states' economic interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion.71
6127137265MestizoLiterally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas.72
6127137266Mughal EmpireOne of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims.73
6127137267MulattoTerm commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.74
6127137268Ottoman EmpireMajor Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.75
6127137269PeninsularesIn the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas.76
6127137270PlantationAgricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America.77
6127137271Qing DynastyRuling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; these rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China.78
6127137272Settler coloniesColonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.79
6127137273SiberiaRussia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.80
6127137274African diasporaName given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade.81
6127137275British/Dutch East India companiesPrivate trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.82
6127137276DaimyoFeudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors.83
6127137277Indian Ocean Commercial NetworkThe massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500.84
6127137278Ferdinand MagellanPortuguese mariner who commanded the first European (Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1521).85
6127137279Middle PassageName commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas.86
6127137280SamuraiThe warrior elite of medieval Japan.87
6127137281ShogunIn Japan, a supreme military commander.88
6127137282Spanish PhillipinesAn archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization89
6127137283Tokugawa ShogunateMilitary rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japan politically by the early seventeenth century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments.90
6127137284Trading post empireForm of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.91
6127137285Catholic Counter-ReformationAn internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.92
6127137286CopernicusPolish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos.93
6127137287Council of TrentThe main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses.94
6127137288Charles DarwinHighly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth.95
6127137289European EnlightenmentEuropean intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.96
6127137292Jesuits in ChinaSeries of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success97
6127137293Martin LutherGerman priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe.98
6127137294Isaac NewtonEnglish natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution.99
6127137295Ninety-Five ThesesList of debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity.100
6127137296Protestant ReformationMassive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone."101
6127137297Scientific RevolutionGreat European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method.102
6127137298SikhismReligious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women.103

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