Chapters 6-15 (600-1450 CE)
Terms : Hide Images
| 254224151 | Ka'ba | ("Cube") A Pre-Islamic cubed building in Mecca believed by Muslims to have been built by Abraham. It is the center of the Muslim Pilgrimage | 0 | |
| 254224152 | Islamization | The spread of the Islamic faith across the Middle East, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa. | 1 | |
| 254224153 | Iconoclasm | The breaking of images; a religious controvery of the 8th century; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to surpress icon veneration | 2 | |
| 254224154 | Romanesque | A style of architecture developed in Italy and western Europe between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD | 3 | |
| 254224155 | Hierarchy | The organization of people at different ranks in an administrative body | 4 | |
| 254224156 | Five Pillars of Faith | Belief of Islam: 1. There is no God but Allah and Muhammed is his messenger 2. Pray 5 times a day 3. Give charity to the poor 4. Fast during the month of Ramadan 5. Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca | 5 | |
| 254224157 | Sahel | A strip of dry grasslands on the southern border of the Sahara; also known as "the Shore of the Desert" | 6 | |
| 254224158 | Body of Civil Law (Justinian's Code) | Justinian's codification of Roman law; made Roman law a coherent basis for political and economic life. | 7 | |
| 254224159 | Quipu | Calculator consisting of a cord with attached cords | 8 | |
| 254224160 | Imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically. | 9 | |
| 254224161 | Bantu Migration | The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throghout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 BCE to around 1000 CE | 10 | |
| 254224162 | Black Death | The worst plague in European history, lasting from about 1347 to 1352. In this time, over 1/3 of Europe's population died from a combination of three diseases: the bubonic plague, the septicemic plague, and the pneumonic plague. They were known collectively as this, and victims died a terrible death. It was brought in on fleas on rats on international trade ships. There were no logical explanations - some common ones were that planets were aligned in a poisonous way, Jews were poisoning the drinking water, or it was punishment for sin. | 11 | |
| 254224163 | Bureaucracy | A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials | 12 | |
| 254224164 | Ali | The Fourth Caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites | 13 | |
| 254224165 | Abu Bakr | Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the First Caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death. | 14 | |
| 254224166 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 15 | |
| 254224167 | Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 16 | |
| 254224168 | Shi'a | The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendents as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 17 | |
| 254224169 | Malawi | A landlocked republic in southern central Africa | 18 | |
| 254224170 | Allah | Muslim name for the one and only God | 19 | |
| 254224171 | Tsars | A Russian term for "Caesar" or ruler; the authoritarian rulers of the Russian empire before its collapse in the 1917 revolution | 20 | |
| 254224172 | Clovis | King of Franks; conquered Gaul; earned support of Gaul and Church of Rome by converting; Ruled lands in Frankish custom but kept Roman legacy | 21 | |
| 254224173 | Vassals | Lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord | 22 | |
| 254224174 | Peter Abelard | A major philosopher of scholasticism who taught at the University of Paris and put reason above faith- he wrote a book called " Sic et Non" (Yes and No) with 150 statements on theology and ethics(1079-1142) | 23 | |
| 254224175 | Aztecs | (1200-1521) 1300, They settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. | 24 | |
| 254224176 | Pachacuti | Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca | 25 | |
| 254224177 | Samurai | Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land | 26 | |
| 254224178 | Taira | Powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with the Minamota family; defeated after the Gempei Wars. | 27 | |
| 254224179 | Kublai Khan | Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China | 28 | |
| 254224180 | Buyids | Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad and acted as sultans through Abbasid figureheads | 29 | |
| 254224181 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. They governed strictly, and were part of the Eastern Orthodox Chruch | 30 | |
| 254224182 | Saladin | (1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem | 31 | |
| 254224183 | Sufis | A branch of Islam emphasizing a personal, mystical connection with God | 32 | |
| 254224184 | Chinggis Khan | Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world | 33 | |
| 254224185 | Mamluks | Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517) | 34 | |
| 254224186 | Mansa | The title for a ruler in the Mali Empire of western Africa | 35 | |
| 254224187 | Vikings | Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries. | 36 | |
| 254224188 | Charles Martel | the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him. | 37 | |
| 254224189 | William the Conqueror | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy. | 38 | |
| 254224190 | Thomas Aquinas | (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology | 39 | |
| 254224191 | Callpulli | Clans in Aztec society, later expanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors. | 40 | |
| 254224192 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. | 41 | |
| 254224193 | Shoguns | Military leaders of the bakufu (military government in 12th-century Japan). | 42 | |
| 254224194 | Minamoto | Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th century Japan | 43 | |
| 254224195 | White Lotus Society | Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule. Led a revolt against Qin Dynasty because of discontent with taxes. | 44 | |
| 254224196 | Sundiata | The founder of Mali empire; he crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes | 45 | |
| 254224197 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. | 46 | |
| 254224198 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code | 47 | |
| 254224199 | Cyril and Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and the Balkans; responsible for creating the Slavic written script called Cyrillic. | 48 | |
| 254224200 | Vladimir I | Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity | 49 | |
| 254224201 | Constantine | Roman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity | 50 | |
| 254224202 | Huns | Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome | 51 | |
| 254224203 | Serfs | Men and women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection | 52 | |
| 254224204 | Charlemagne | Frankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800 | 53 | |
| 254224205 | Pope Urban II | Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades | 54 | |
| 254224206 | Ferdinand and Isabella | During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus. | 55 | |
| 254224207 | Incas | A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire. | 56 | |
| 254224208 | Fujiwara | Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power. | 57 | |
| 254224209 | Daimyo | A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of Samurai | 58 | |
| 254224210 | Khmers | Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south | 59 | |
| 254224211 | Carolingians | The family that ruled the Franks in Gaul from 751 to 987 in the Carolingian Dynasty. This began when Pepin was declared king. They lost power after the Treaty of Verdun. | 60 | |
| 254224212 | Mahayana Buddhism | One of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone | 61 | |
| 254224213 | Chan (Zen) Buddhism | A school of Buddhism stressing meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society | 62 | |
| 254224214 | Neo-Confucianism | Philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought; most important of the early Neo-Confucianists was the Chinese thinker Zhu Xi (1130-1200). | 63 | |
| 254224215 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | Eastern branch of Christianity that evolved following the division of the Roman Empire and the subsequent development of the Byzantine Empire in the east and the medieval European society in the west. The church recognized the primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople. | 64 | |
| 254224216 | Roman Catholicism | A branch of Christianity that developed in the western Roman Empire and that recognized the Pope as its supreme head | 65 | |
| 254224217 | Nestorians | A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions. | 66 | |
| 254224218 | Jihad | A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal | 67 | |
| 254224219 | Crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 68 | |
| 254224220 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam | 69 | |
| 254224221 | Hundred Years War | Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. | 70 | |
| 254224222 | Gampei | A conflict between the Taira and Minamoto clans during the late-Heian period of Japan. It resulted in the fall of the Taira clan and the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate under Minamoto Yoritomo in 1192. | 71 | |
| 254224223 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 72 | |
| 254224224 | Hadith | (Islam) The way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Qu'ran | 73 | |
| 254224225 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. | 74 | |
| 254224226 | Lateen Sails | Large triangular sails that are attached to the masts by long booms or yard arms which extend diagonally high across both the fore and aft portions of the ship. | 75 | |
| 254224227 | Arabic Numerals | A written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India, then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading further. Used throughout western civilization today. | 76 | |
| 254224228 | Flying Money | Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency | 77 | |
| 254224229 | Cyrillic Alphabet | An alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, devised in the ninth century A.D. by Saints Cyril and Methodius | 78 | |
| 254224230 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople | 79 | |
| 254224231 | Seppuku | Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor. | 80 | |
| 254224232 | Abbasid | Dynasty that overthrew the Umayyad to rule the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258; for 150 years they maintained the unity of the caliphate and Islamic civilization and culture flourished | 81 | |
| 254224233 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam | 82 | |
| 254224234 | Sudanic States | Kingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power, from the Senegal river to the Niger River. The states were ruled by a patriarch or council of elders. There was a core territorial area and then surrounding subordinate ones. The rulers of Sudanic States were considered sacred and separate from their subjects. when Islam spread to this area, only Royals practiced it and it was not spread to the people. | 83 | |
| 254224235 | Ghana | First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. (p. 215) | 84 | |
| 254224236 | Sui Dynasty | The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China | 85 | |
| 254224237 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | 86 | |
| 254224238 | Mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. | 87 | |
| 254224239 | Songhay | Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali | 88 | |
| 254224240 | Benin | A kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major West African state in the 1400s | 89 | |
| 254224241 | Northern Song | Controlled China Proper. Capital in Kaifeng. Shared north with the Kitan, who controlled 16 prefectures on the Chinese side of the Great Wall | 90 | |
| 254224242 | Southern Song | Rump state of the Song Dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of the much larger domains of the Tang and northern Song; Culturally, one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history. | 91 | |
| 254224243 | Mongols | A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking Western Europe and Eastern Asia. | 92 | |
| 254224244 | Kongo Kingdom | Large agricultural state on the lower Congo River; capital at Mbanza Kongo. | 93 | |
| 254224245 | Zimbabwe | A country of southern Africa. Various Bantu peoples migrated into the area during the first millennium, displacing the earlier San inhabitants | 94 | |
| 254224246 | Axum | The Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa. | 95 | |
| 254224247 | Tang Dynasty | Considered the golden age of Chinese civilization and ruled for nearly 300 years; China grew under the dynasty to include much of eastern Asia, as well as large parts of Central Asia | 96 | |
| 254224248 | Byzantine Empire | (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. | 97 |
